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及17嫗

the essays of montaigne, v10-及17嫗

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hack and lop off the limbs of others�察�sharpen their wits to invent
unusual torments and new kinds of death�察�without hatred�察�without profit��
and for no other end but only to enjoy the pleasant spectacle of the
gestures and motions�察�the lamentable groans and cries of a man dying in
anguish。  For this is the utmost point to which cruelty can arrive��

              ;Ut homo hominem�察�non iratus�察�non timens��
               tantum spectaturus�察�occidat。;

     �А�That a man should kill a man�察�not being angry�察�not in fear�察�only
     for the sake of the spectacle。;Seneca�察�Ep。�察�90。��

For my own part�察�I cannot without grief see so much as an innocent beast
pursued and killed that has no defence�察�and from which we have received
no offence at all�察�and that which frequently happens�察�that the stag we
hunt�察�finding himself weak and out of breath�察�and seeing no other remedy��
surrenders himself to us who pursue him�察�imploring mercy by his tears��

                        ;Questuque cruentus��
                         Atque imploranti similis�察�

          �А�Who�察�bleeding�察�by his tears seems to crave mercy。;
          AEnead�察�vii。 501。��

has ever been to me a very unpleasing sight�察�and I hardly ever take a
beast alive that I do not presently turn out again。  Pythagoras bought
them of fishermen and fowlers to do the same��

                    ;Primoque a caede ferarum��
               Incaluisse puto maculatum sanguine ferrum。;


     �А�I think 'twas slaughter of wild beasts that first stained the
     steel of man with blood。;Ovid�察�Met。�察�xv。 106。��

Those natures that are sanguinary towards beasts discover a natural
proneness to cruelty。  After they had accustomed themselves at Rome to
spectacles of the slaughter of animals�察�they proceeded to those of the
slaughter of men�察�of gladiators。  Nature has herself�察�I fear�察�imprinted
in man a kind of instinct to inhumanity�察�nobody takes pleasure in seeing
beasts play with and caress one another�察�but every one is delighted with
seeing them dismember�察�and tear one another to pieces。  And that I may
not be laughed at for the sympathy I have with them�察�theology itself
enjoins us some favour in their behalf�察�and considering that one and the
same master has lodged us together in this palace for his service�察�and
that they�察�as well as we�察�are of his family�察�it has reason to enjoin us
some affection and regard to them。  Pythagoras borrowed the
metempsychosis from the Egyptians�察�but it has since been received by
several nations�察�and particularly by our Druids��

          ;Morte carent animae�察�semperque�察�priore relicts
          Sede�察�novis domibus vivunt�察�habitantque receptae。;

     �А�Souls never die�察�but�察�having left their former seat�察�live
     and are received into new homes。;Ovid�察�Met。�察�xv。 158。��

The religion of our ancient Gauls maintained that souls�察�being eternal��
never ceased to remove and shift their places from one body to another��
mixing moreover with this fancy some consideration of divine justice�察�for
according to the deportments of the soul�察�whilst it had been in
Alexander�察�they said that God assigned it another body to inhabit�察�more
or less painful�察�and proper for its condition��

                              ;Muta ferarum
               Cogit vincla pati�察�truculentos ingerit ursis��
               Praedonesque lupis�察�fallaces vulpibus addit��
               Atque ubi per varios annos�察�per mille figuras

               Egit�察�Lethaeo purgatos flumine�察�tandem
               Rursus ad humanae revocat primordia formae�此�

     �А�He makes them wear the silent chains of brutes�察�the bloodthirsty
     souls he encloses in bears�察�the thieves in wolves�察�the deceivers in
     foxes�察�where�察�after successive years and a thousand forms�察�man had
     spent his life�察�and after purgation in Lethe's flood�察�at last he
     restores them to the primordial human shapes。;
     Claudian�察�In Ruf。�察�ii。 482。��

If it had been valiant�察�he lodged it in the body of a lion�察�if
voluptuous�察�in that of a hog�察�if timorous�察�in that of a hart or hare�察�if
malicious�察�in that of a fox�察�and so of the rest�察�till having purified it
by this chastisement�察�it again entered into the body of some other man��

               ;Ipse ego nam memini�察�Trojani�察�tempore belli
               Panthoides Euphorbus eram。;

     �А�For I myself remember that�察�in the days of the Trojan war�察�I was
     Euphorbus�察�son of Pantheus。;Ovid�察�Met。�察�xv。 160�察�and see Diogenes
     Laertius�察�Life of Pythagoras。��

As to the relationship betwixt us and beasts�察�I do not much admit of it��
nor of that which several nations�察�and those among the most ancient and
most noble�察�have practised�察�who have not only received brutes into their
society and companionship�察�but have given them a rank infinitely above
themselves�察�esteeming them one while familiars and favourites of the
gods�察�and having them in more than human reverence and respect�察�others
acknowledged no other god or divinity than they��

          ;Bellux a barbaris propter beneficium consecratae。;

     �А�Beasts�察�out of opinion of some benefit received by them�察�were
     consecrated by barbarians;Cicero�察�De Natura Deor。�察�i。 36。��


                              ;Crocodilon adorat
               Pars haec�察�illa pavet saturam serpentibus ibin��
               Effigies sacri hic nitet aurea cercopitheci��
                              Hic piscem flumints�察�illic
               Oppida tota canem venerantur。;

     �А�This place adores the crocodile�察�another dreads the ibis�察�feeder
     on serpents�察�here shines the golden image of the sacred ape�察�here
     men venerate the fish of the river�察�there whole towns worship a
     dog。;Juvenal�察�xv。 2。��

And the very interpretation that Plutarch�察�gives to this error�察�which is
very well conceived�察�is advantageous to them�此�for he says that it was not
the cat or the ox�察�for example�察�that the Egyptians adored�此�but that they��
in those beasts�察�adored some image of the divine faculties�察�in this��
patience and utility�此�in that�察�vivacity�察�or�察�as with our neighbours the
Burgundians and all the Germans�察�impatience to see themselves shut up�察�by
which they represented liberty�察�which they loved and adored above all
other godlike attributes�察�and so of the rest。  But when�察�amongst the more
moderate opinions�察�I meet with arguments that endeavour to demonstrate
the near resemblance betwixt us and animals�察�how large a share they have
in our greatest privileges�察�and with how much probability they compare us
together�察�truly I abate a great deal of our presumption�察�and willingly
resign that imaginary sovereignty that is attributed to us over other
creatures。

But supposing all this were not true�察�there is nevertheless a certain
respect�察�a general duty of humanity�察�not only to beasts that have life
and sense�察�but even to trees�察�and plants。  We owe justice to men�察�and
graciousness and benignity to other creatures that are capable of it��
there is a certain commerce and mutual obligation betwixt them and us。
Nor shall I be afraid to confess the tenderness of my nature so childish��
that I cannot well refuse to play with my dog�察�when he the most
unseasonably importunes me to do so。  The Turks have alms and hospitals
for beasts。  The Romans had public care to the nourishment of geese�察�by
whose vigilance their Capitol had been preserved。  The Athenians made a
decree that the mules and moyls which had served at the building of the
temple called Hecatompedon should be free and suffered to pasture at
their own choice�察�without hindrance。  The Agrigentines  had a common use
solemnly to inter the beasts they had a kindness for�察�as horses of some
rare quality�察�dogs�察�and useful birds�察�and even those that had only been
kept to divert their children�察�and the magnificence that was ordinary
with them in all other things�察�also particularly appeared in the
sumptuosity and numbers of monuments erected to this end�察�and which
remained in their beauty several ages after。  The Egyptians buried
wolves�察�bears�察�crocodiles�察�dogs�察�and cats in sacred places�察�embalmed
their bodies�察�and put on mourning at their death。  Cimon gave an
honourable sepulture to the mares with which he had three times gained
the prize of t

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