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an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及4嫗

弌傍�� an account of egypt(娃式芝) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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their   first   abodes   and   many  came   down   gradually  to   the lower   parts。 At 

least it is certain that in old times Thebes had the name of Egypt�察�and of 

this   the   circumference   measures   six   thousand   one   hundred   and   twenty 

furlongs。 

     If   then   we   judge   aright   of   these   matters�察  �the   opinion   of   the   Ionians 

about   Egypt   is   not   sound�此  �but   if   the   judgment   of   the   Ionians   is   right�察  �I 

declare that neither the Hellenes nor the Ionians themselves know how to 

reckon since they say that the whole earth is made up of three divisions�察�

Europe�察�Asia�察�and Libya�此�for they ought to count in addition to these the 

Delta of Egypt�察�since it belongs neither to Asia nor to Libya�察�for at least it 



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cannot be the river Nile by this reckoning which divides Asia from Libya�察�

but the Nile is cleft at the point of this Delta so as to flow round it�察�and the 

result is that this land would come between Asia and Libya。 

     We dismiss then our opinion of the Ionians�察�and express a judgment of 

our own on this matter also�察�that Egypt is all that land which is inhabited 

by  Egyptians�察 �just   as   Kilikia   is   that   which   is inhabited   by  Kilikians   and 

Assyria that which is inhabited by Assyrians�察�and we know of no boundary 

properly speaking between Asia and Libya except the borders of Egypt。 If 

however      we   shall   adopt   the  opinion    which    is  commonly   held      by   the 

Hellenes�察�we  shall   suppose  that   the  whole of   Egypt�察�beginning   from  the 

Cataract and the city of Elephantine�察�is divided into two parts and that it 

thus partakes of both the names�察�since one side will thus belong to Libya 

and the other to Asia�察�for the Nile from the Cataract onwards flows to the 

sea cutting Egypt through in the midst�察�and as far as the city of Kercasoros 

the Nile flows in one single stream�察�but from this city onwards it is parted 

into    three  ways�察   �and   one�察  �which    is  called   the  Pelusian     mouth�察   �turns 

towards the East�察�the second of the ways goes towards the West�察�and this is 

called the Canobic mouth�察�but that one of the ways which is straight runs 

thus��when the  river  in   its   course  downwards comes   to the  point   of the 

Delta�察�then it cuts the Delta through the midst and so issues out to the sea。 

In this we have a portion of the water of the river which is not the smallest 

nor the least famous�察�and it is called the Sebennytic mouth。 There are also 

two other mouths which part off from the Sebennytic and go to the sea�察�

and these are called�察�one the Saitic�察�the other the Mendesian mouth。 The 

Bolbitinitic�察  �and   Bucolic   mouths�察  �on   the   other   hand�察  �are   not   natural   but 

made     by   digging。    Moreover      also  the   answer    given   by   the   Oracle   of 

Ammon bears witness in support of my opinion that Egypt is of the extent 

which I declare it to be in my account�察�and of this answer I heard after I 

had formed my own opinion about Egypt。 For those of the city of Marea 

and of Apis�察�dwelling in the parts of Egypt which border on Libya�察�being 

of opinion themselves that they were Libyans and not Egyptians�察�and also 

being burdened by the rules of religious service�察�because they desired not 

to be debarred from the use of cows' flesh�察�sent to Ammon saying that they 

had   nought   in   common   with   the   Egyptians�察  �for   they   dwelt   outside   the 



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Delta and agreed with them in nothing�察�and they said they desired that it 

might   be lawful   for  them  to   eat   everything   without   distinction。 The   god 

however did not permit them to do so�察�but said that that land was Egypt 

where the Nile came over and watered�察�and that those were Egyptians who 

dwelling   below   the   city   of   Elephantine   drank   of   that   river。   Thus   was   it 

answered   to   them   by   the   Oracle   about   this�此  �and   the   Nile�察  �when   it   is   in 

flood�察 �goes   over   not   only  the   Delta   but   also   of   the   land   which   is   called 

Libyan   and   of   that   which   is   called Arabian   sometimes   as   much   as   two 

days' journey on each side�察�and at times even more than this or at times 

less。 

     As regards the nature of the river�察�neither from the priests nor yet from 

any   other   man   was   I   able   to   obtain   any   knowledge�此  �and   I   was   desirous 

especially  to   learn   from  them  about these   matters�察  �namely  why  the   Nile 

comes down increasing in volume from the summer solstice onwards for a 

hundred   days�察  �and   then�察  �when   it   has   reached   the   number   of   these   days�察�

turns and goes back�察�failing in its stream�察�so that through the whole winter 

season   it   continues   to   be   low�察  �and   until   the   summer   solstice   returns。   Of 

none of these things was I able to receive any account from the Egyptians�察�

when I inquired of them what power the Nile has whereby it is of a nature 

opposite to that of all other rivers。 And I made inquiry�察�desiring to know 

both this which I say and also why�察�unlike all other rivers�察�it does not give 

rise to any breezes blowing from it。 However some of the Hellenes who 

desired   to   gain   distinction   for   cleverness   have   given   an   account   of   this 

water in three different ways�此�two of these I do not think it worth while 

even to speak of except only to indicate their nature�察�of which the one says 

that    the   Etesian    Winds     are   the   cause    that   makes     the   river   rise�察  �by 

preventing the Nile from  flowing out into the sea。 But often the   Etesian 

Winds fail and yet the Nile does the same work as it is wont to do�察�and 

moreover�察�if these were the cause�察�all the other rivers also which flow in a 

direction opposed to the Etesian Winds ought to have been affected in the 

same way as the Nile�察�and even more�察�in as much as they are smaller and 

present   to   them   a   feebler   flow   of   streams�此  �but   there   are   many   of   these 

rivers in Syria and many also in Libya�察�and they are affected in no such 

manner   as   the   Nile。   The   second   way   shows   more   ignorance   than   that 



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which has been   mentioned�察 �and it   is   more   marvellous to   tell�察  �for   it says 

that the river produces these effects because it flows from the Ocean�察�and 

that the Ocean flows round the whole earth。 The third of the ways is much 

the   most   specious�察  �but   nevertheless   it   is   the   most   mistaken   of   all�此  �for 

indeed this way has no more truth in it than the rest�察�alleging as it does that 

the Nile flows from melting snow�察�whereas it flows out of Libya through 

the midst of the Ethiopians�察�and so comes out into Egypt。 How then should 

it flow from snow�察�when it flows from the hottest parts to those which are 

cooler�拭�And indeed most of the facts are such as to convince a man ��one at 

least who is capable of reasoning about such matters���察�that it is not at all 

likely that it flows from snow。 The first and greatest evidence is afforded 

by the winds�察�which blow hot from these regions�察�the second is that the 

land   is   rainless   always   and   without   frost�察  �whereas   after   snow   has   fallen 

rain must necessarily come within five days�察�so that if it snowed in those 

parts   rain   would   fall   there�察  �the   third   evidence   is   afforded   by   the   people 

dwelling there�察�who are of a black colour by reason of the burning heat。 

Moreover   kites   and   swallows   remain   there   through   the   year   and   do   not 

leave t

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