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an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及7嫗

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                                  AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



the sources of the Nile no one can give an account�察�for the part of Libya 

through which it flows is uninhabited and desert。 About its course however 

so much as it was possible to learn by the most diligent inquiry has been 

told�察  �and   it   runs   out   into   Egypt。   Now   Egypt   lies   nearly   opposite   to   the 

mountain districts of Kilikia�察�and from thence to Sinope�察�which lies upon 

the   Euxine   Sea�察  �is   a   journey  in   the   same   straight   line of   five days   for   a 

man without encumbrance�察�and Sinope lies opposite to the place where the 

Ister   runs   out   into   the   sea�此  �thus   I   think   that   the   Nile   passes   through   the 

whole of Libya and is of equal measure with the Ister。 



     Of   the   Nile    then   let  so  much   suffice     as  has   been    said。  Of   Egypt 

however I shall make my report at length�察�because it has wonders more in 

number than any other land�察�and works too it has to show as much as any 

land�察�which are beyond expression great�此�for this reason then more shall be 

said concerning it。 

     The   Egyptians   in   agreement   with   their   climate�察  �which   is   unlike   any 

other�察  �and   with   the   river�察  �which   shows   a   nature   different   from   all   other 

rivers�察�established for themselves manners and customs in a way opposite 

to other men in almost all matters�此�for among them the women frequent 

the market and carry on trade�察�while the men remain at home and weave�察�

and whereas others weave pushing the woof upwards�察�the Egyptians push 

it   downwards�此      �the  men     carry   their  burdens     upon    their   heads    and   the 

women upon their shoulders�此�the women make water standing up and the 

men   crouching   down�此�they  ease   themselves   in   their   houses   and   they  eat 

without   in   the   streets�察  �alleging   as   reason   for   this   that   it   is   right   to   do 

secretly the things that are unseemly though necessary�察�but those which are 

not unseemly�察�in public�此�no woman is a minister either of male or female 

divinity�察�but men of all�察�both male and female�此�to support their parents the 

sons   are   in   no   way   compelled�察  �if   they   do   not   desire   to   do   so�察  �but   the 

daughters are forced to do so�察�be they never so unwilling。 The priests of 

the gods in other lands wear long hair�察�but in Egypt they shave their heads�此�

among other men the custom is that in mourning those whom the matter 

concerns   most   nearly   have   their   hair   cut   short�察  �but   the   Egyptians�察  �when 

deaths occur�察�let their hair grow long�察�both that on the head and that on the 



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                                 AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



chin�察�having before been close shaven�此�other men have their daily living 

separated from beasts�察�but the Egyptians have theirs together with beasts�此�

other men live on wheat and on   barley�察�but to any one of the   Egyptians 

who makes his living on these it is a great reproach�察�they make their bread 

of maize�察�which some call spelt�此�they knead dough with their feet and clay 

with their hands�察�with which also they gather up dung�此�and whereas other 

men�察�except such as have learnt otherwise from the Egyptians�察�have their 

members as nature made them�察�the Egyptians practice circumcision�此�as to 

garments�察�the   men   wear   two   each   and the   women   but   one�此  �and   whereas 

others   make   fast   the   rings   and   ropes   of   the   sails   outside   the   ship�察  �the 

Egyptians do this inside�此�finally in the writing of characters and reckoning 

with pebbles�察�while the Hellenes carry the hand from the left to the right�察�

the Egyptians do this from the right to the left�察�and doing so they say that 

they   do   it   themselves   rightwise   and   the   Hellenes   leftwise�此  �and   they   use 

two kinds of characters for writing�察�of which the one kind is called sacred 

and the other common。 

     They are religious excessively beyond all other men�察�and with regard 

to this they have customs as follows��they drink from cups of bronze and 

rinse   them   out   every   day�察  �and   not   some   only   do   this   but   all�此  �they   wear 

garments   of   linen   always   newly   washed�察  �and   this   they   make   a   special 

point of practice�此�they circumcise themselves for the sake of cleanliness�察�

preferring to be clean rather than comely。 The priests shave themselves all 

over their body every other day�察�so that no lice or any other foul thing may 

come to be upon them when they minister to the gods�察�and the priests wear 

garments of linen only and sandals of papyrus�察�and any other garment they 

may not take nor other sandals�察�these wash themselves in cold water twice 

in   a   day   and   twice   again   in   the   night�察  �and   other   religious   services   they 

perform ��one may almost   say�� of infinite number。 They enjoy also good 

things not a few�察�for they do not consume or spend anything of their own 

substance�察  �but   there   is   sacred   bread   baked   for   them  and   they  have   each 

great quantity of flesh of oxen and geese coming in to them each day�察�and 

also wine of grapes is given to them�察�but it is not permitted to them to taste 

of fish�此�beans moreover the Egyptians do not at all sow in their land�察�and 

those   which   they   grow   they   neither   eat   raw   nor   boil   for   food�察  �nay   the 



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                                   AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



priests   do   not   endure   even   to   look   upon   them�察  �thinking   this   to   be   an 

unclean kind of pulse�此�and there is not one priest only for each of the gods 

but many�察�and of them one is chief´priest�察�and whenever a priest dies his 

son is appointed to his place。 

     The males of the ox kind they consider to belong to Epaphos�察�and on 

account of him they test them in the following manner��If the priest sees 

one single black hair upon the beast   he counts it not clean for  sacrifice�察�

and     one    of   the    priests   who     is   appointed      for   the   purpose      makes 

investigation of these matters�察�both when the beast is standing upright and 

when it is lying on its back�察�drawing out its tongue moreover�察�to see if it is 

clean in respect of the appointed signs�察�which I shall tell of in another part 

of the history�此  �he looks   also   at the   hairs   of the tail to see if   it   has   them 

growing in a natural manner�察�and if it be clean in respect of all these things�察�

he marks it with a piece of papyrus�察�rolling this round the horns�察�and then 

when he has plastered sealing´earth over it he sets upon it the seal of his 

signet´ring�察  �and   after   that   they   take   the   animal   away。   But   for   one   who 

sacrifices   a   beast   not   sealed   the   penalty   appointed   is   death。   In   this   way 

then   the   beast   is   tested�察  �and   their   appointed   manner   of   sacrifice   is   as 

follows��they lead the sealed beast to the altar where they happen to be 

sacrificing�察  �and   then   kindle   a   fire�此  �after   that�察  �having   poured   libations   of 

wine over the altar so that it runs down upon the victim and having called 

upon the god�察�they cut its throat�察�and having cut its throat they sever the 

head   from  the   body。 The   body  then   of   the   beast   they  flay�察  �but   upon   the 

head they make many imprecations first�察�and then they who have a market 

and     Hellenes     sojourning     among      them    for   trade�察  �these   carry   it  to  the 

market´place   and   sell   it�察  �while   they   who   have   no   Hellenes   among   them 

cast it away into the river�此�and this is the form of imprecations which they 

utter   upon   the   heads�察  �praying   that   if   any   evil   be   about   to   befall   either 

th

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