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an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及9嫗

弌傍�� an account of egypt(娃式芝) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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how long a time it was since their temple had been set up�此�and these also I 

found to be at variance with the Hellenes�察�for they said that at the same 

time when Tyre was founded�察�the temple of the god also had been set up�察�

and that it was a period of two thousand three hundred years since their 

people   began   to     dwell   at  Tyre。   I  saw   also   at   Tyre  another   temple     of 

Heracles�察�with the surname Thasian�察�and I came to Thasos also and there I 

found a temple of Heracles set up by the Phenicians�察�who had sailed out to 

seek for Europa and had colonised Thasos�察�and these things happened full 

five generations of men before Heracles the son of Amphitryon was born 

in Hellas。  So then   my  inquiries   show clearly  that   Heracles   is   an   ancient 

god�察�and those of the Hellenes seem to me to act most rightly who have 

two    temples     of  Heracles    set   up�察 �and   who    sacrifice   to   the  one   as  an 

immortal god and with the title Olympian�察�and make offerings of the dead 

to   the   other   as   a   hero。   Moreover�察  �besides   many   other   stories   which   the 

Hellenes      tell  without   due   consideration�察     �this  tale  is  especially    foolish 



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which they tell about Heracles�察�namely that when he came to Egypt�察�the 

Egyptians put on him wreaths and led him forth in procession to sacrifice 

him    to  Zeus�察   �and   he  for  some    time   kept   quiet�察 �but   when    they   were 

beginning the sacrifice of him at the altar�察�he betook himself to prowess 

and slew them all。 I for my part am of opinion that the Hellenes when they 

tell this tale are altogether without knowledge of the nature and customs of 

the Egyptians�察�for how should they for whom it is not lawful to sacrifice 

even beasts�察�except swine and the males of oxen and calves ��such of them 

as are clean�� and geese�察�how should these sacrifice human beings�拭�Besides 

this�察�how is it in nature possible that Heracles�察�being one person only and 

moreover a man ��as they assert���察�should slay many myriads�拭�Having said 

so much of these matters�察�we pray that we may have grace from both the 

gods and the heroes for our speech。 

     Now the reason why those of the Egyptians whom I have mentioned 

do not sacrifice goats�察�female or male�察�is this��the Mendesians count Pan 

to be one of the eight gods ��now these eight gods they say came into being 

before the twelve gods���察�and the painters and image´makers represent in 

painting and in sculpture the figure of Pan�察�just as the Hellenes do�察�with 

goat's    face  and   legs�察 �not   supposing     him   to  be   really  like  this  but   to 

resemble the other gods�察�the cause however why they represent him in this 

form I prefer not to say。 The Mendesians then reverence all goats and the 

males more than the females ��and the goatherds too have greater honour 

than other herdsmen���察 �but of the   goats one especially  is reverenced�察 �and 

when   he   dies   there   is   great   mourning   in   all   the   Mendesian   district�此  �and 

both    the   goat   and   Pan   are  called   in   the  Egyptian     tongue    /Mendes/。 

Moreover in my lifetime there happened in that district this marvel�察�that is 

to say a he´goat had intercourse with a woman publicly�察�and this was so 

done that all men might have evidence of it。 

     The pig is accounted by the Egyptians an abominable animal�察�and first�察�

if any of them in passing by touch a pig�察�he goes into the river and dips 

himself   forthwith   in   the   water   together   with   his   garments�察  �and   then   too 

swineherds�察�though they may be native Egyptians�察�unlike all others�察�do not 

enter   any   of   the  temples   in   Egypt�察  �nor   is   anyone   willing   to  give  his 

daughter in marriage to one of them or to take a wife from among them�察�



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but the swineherds both give in marriage to one another and take from one 

another。   Now   to   the   other   gods   the   Egyptians   do   not   think   it   right   to 

sacrifice swine�察�but to the Moon and to Dionysos alone at the same time 

and on the same full´moon they sacrifice swine�察�and then eat their flesh�此�

and   as   to   the   reason   why�察  �when   they   abominate   swine   at   all   their   other 

feasts�察�they sacrifice them at this�察�there is a story told by the Egyptians�察�

and this story I know�察�but it is not a seemly one for me to tell。 Now the 

sacrifice   of   the   swine   to   the   Moon   is   performed   as   follows��when   the 

priest   has   slain   the   victim�察  �he   puts   together   the   end   of   the   tail   and   the 

spleen and the caul�察�and covers them up with the whole of the fat of the 

animal which is about the paunch�察�and then he offers them with fire�察�and 

the   rest   of   the   flesh   they  eat   on   that   day  of   full   moon   upon   which   they 

have held sacrifice�察�but on any day after this they will not taste of it�此�the 

poor   however   among   them   by   reason   of   the   scantiness   of   their   means 

shape pigs of dough and having baked them they offer these as a sacrifice。 

Then for Dionysos on the eve of the festival each one kills a pig by cutting 

its   throat   before   his   own   doors�察  �and   after   that   he   gives   the   pig   to   the 

swineherd who sold it to him�察�to carry away again�察�and the rest of the feast 

of   Dionysos   is   celebrated   by   the   Egyptians   in   the   same   way   as   by   the 

Hellenes   in   almost   all   things   except   choral   dances�察  �but   instead   of   the 

/phallos/ they have invented another contrivance�察�namely figures of about 

a cubit in height worked by strings�察�which women carry about the villages�察�

with the privy member made to move and not much less in size than the 

rest   of   the   body�此  �and   a   flute   goes   before   and   they   follow   singing   the 

praises   of   Dionysos。   As   to   the   reason   why   the   figure   has   this   member 

larger than is natural and moves it�察�though it moves no other part of the 

body�察�about this there is a sacred story told。 Now I think that Melampus 

the son of Amytheon was not without knowledge of these rites of sacrifice�察�

but was acquainted with them�此�for Melampus is he who first set forth to 

the   Hellenes   the   name   of   Dionysos   and   the   manner   of   sacrifice   and   the 

procession of the /phallos/。 Strictly speaking indeed�察�he when he made it 

known did not take in the whole�察�but those wise men who came after him 

made   it   known   more   at   large。   Melampus   then   is   he   who   taught   of   the 

/phallos/   which   is   carried   in   procession   for   Dionysos�察  �and   from  him  the 



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Hellenes learnt to do that which they do。 I say then that Melampus being a 

man of ability contrived for himself an art of divination�察�and having learnt 

from  Egypt   he   taught   the   Hellenes   many   things�察  �and   among   them   those 

that concern Dionysos�察�making changes in some few points of them�此�for I 

shall not say that that which is done in worship of the god in Egypt came 

accidentally to be the same with that which is done among the Hellenes�察�

for then these rites would have been in character with the Hellenic worship 

and not lately brought in�察�nor certainly shall I say that the Egyptians took 

from the Hellenes either this or any other customary observance�此�matters 

concerning Dionysos from Cadmos the Tyrian and from those who came 

with him from Phenicia to the land which we now call Boeotia。 

     Moreover the naming of almost all the gods has come to Hellas from 

Egypt�此�for that it has come from the Barbarians I f

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