the unseen world and other essays-第15章
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musical children come from nightingales； while the souls of great architects have passed into them from beavers （p。 247）。 We do not remember these past existences； it is true； but when we become ether…folk； we shall be able to look back in recollection over the whole series。
Amid these sublime inquiries； M。 Figuier is sometimes notably oblivious of humbler truths； as might indeed be expected。 Thus he repeatedly alludes to Locke as the author of the doctrine of innate ideas （！！）；＇14＇ and he informs us that Kepler never quitted Protestant England （p。 336）； though we believe that the nearest Kepler ever came to living in England was the refusing of Sir Henry Wotton's request that he should move thither。
＇14＇ Pages 251； 252； 287。 So in the twenty…first century some avatar of M。 Figuier will perhaps describe the late professor Agassiz as the author of the Darwinian theory。
And lastly； we are treated to a real dialogue； with quite a dramatic mise en scene。 The author's imaginary friend； Theophilus； enters； 〃seats himself in a comfortable chair； places an ottoman under his feet； a book under his elbow to support it； and a cigarette of Turkish tobacco between his lips； and sets himself to the task of listening with a grave air of collectedness； relieved by a certain touch of suspicious severity； as becomes the arbiter in a literary and philosophic matter。〃 〃And so；〃 begins our author； 〃you wish to know； my dear Theophilus； WHERE I LOCATE GOD？ I locate him in the centre of the universe； or； in better phrase； at the central focus； which must exist somewhere； of all the stars that make the universe； and which； borne onward in a common movement； gravitate together around this focus。〃
Much more； of an equally scientific character； follows； but in fairness to the reader； who is already blaming us for wasting the precious moments over such sorry trash； we may as well conclude our sketch of this new line of speculation。
May； 1872。
III。 THE JESUS OF HISTORY。＇15＇
＇15＇ The Jesus of History。 Anonymous。 8vo。 pp。 426。 London： Williams & Norgate； 1869。
Vie de Jesus； par Ernest Renan。 Paris； 1867。 （Thirteenth edition； revised and partly rewritten。）
In republishing this and the following article on 〃The Christ of Dogma；〃 I am aware that they do but scanty justice to their very interesting subjects。 So much ground is covered that it would be impossible to treat it satisfactorily in a pair of review…articles； and in particular the views adopted with regard to the New Testament literature are rather indicated than justified。 These defects I hope to remedy in a future work on 〃Jesus of Nazareth； and the Founding of Christianity；〃 for which the present articles must be regarded as furnishing only a few introductory hints。 This work has been for several years on my mind； but as it may still be long before I can find the leisure needful for writing it out； it seemed best to republish these preliminary sketches which have been some time out of print。 The projected work； however； while covering all the points here treated； will have a much wider scope； dealing on the one hand with the natural genesis of the complex aggregate of beliefs and aspirations known as Christianity； and on the other hand with the metamorphoses which are being wrought in this aggregate by modern knowledge and modern theories of the world。
The views adopted in the present essay as to the date of the Synoptic Gospels may seem over…conservative to those who accept the ably…argued conclusions of 〃Supernatural Religion。〃 Quite possibly in a more detailed discussion these briefly…indicated data may require revision； but for the present it seems best to let the article stand as it was written。 The author of 〃Supernatural Religion〃 would no doubt admit that； even if the synoptic gospels had not assumed their present form before the end of the second century； nevertheless the body of tradition contained in them had been committed to writing very early in that century。 So much appears to be proved by the very variations of text upon which his argument relies。 And if this be granted； the value of the synoptics as HISTORICAL evidence is not materially altered。 With their value as testimony to so…called SUPERNATURAL events； the present essay is in no way concerned。
Of all the great founders of religions； Jesus is at once the best known and the least known to the modern scholar。 From the dogmatic point of view he is the best known； from the historic point of view he is the least known。 The Christ of dogma is in every lineament familiar to us from early childhood； but concerning the Jesus of history we possess but few facts resting upon trustworthy evidence； and in order to form a picture of him at once consistent； probable； and distinct in its outlines； it is necessary to enter upon a long and difficult investigation； in the course of which some of the most delicate apparatus of modern criticism is required。 This circumstance is sufficiently singular to require especial explanation。 The case of Sakyamuni； the founder of Buddhism； which may perhaps be cited as parallel； is in reality wholly different。 Not only did Sakyamuni live five centuries earlier than Jesus； among a people that have at no time possessed the art of insuring authenticity in their records of events； and at an era which is at best but dimly discerned through the mists of fable and legend； but the work which he achieved lies wholly out of the course of European history； and it is only in recent times that his career has presented itself to us as a problem needing to be solved。 Jesus； on the other hand； appeared in an age which is familiarly and in many respects minutely known to us； and among a people whose fortunes we can trace with historic certainty for at least seven centuries previous to his birth； while his life and achievements have probably had a larger share in directing the entire subsequent intellectual and moral development of Europe than those of any other man who has ever lived。 Nevertheless； the details of his personal career are shrouded in an obscurity almost as dense as that which envelops the life of the remote founder of Buddhism。
This phenomenon； however； appears less strange and paradoxical when we come to examine it more closely。 A little reflection will disclose to us several good reasons why the historical records of the life of Jesus should be so scanty as they are。 In the first place； the activity of Jesus was private rather than public。 Confined within exceedingly narrow limits； both of space and of duration； it made no impression whatever upon the politics or the literature of the time。 His name does not occur in the pages of any contemporary writer； Roman； Greek； or Jewish。 Doubtless the case would have been wholly different； had he； like Mohammed； lived to a ripe age； and had the exigencies of his peculiar position as the Messiah of the Jewish people brought him into relations with the Empire； though whether； in such case； the success of his grand undertaking would have been as complete as it has actually been； may well be doubted。
Secondly； Jesus did not； like Mohammed and Paul； leave behind him authentic writings which might serve to throw light upon his mental development as well as upon the external facts of his career。 Without the Koran and the four genuine Epistles of Paul； we should be nearly as much in the dark concerning these great men as we now are concerning the historical Jesus。 We should be compelled to rely； in the one case； upon the untrustworthy gossip of Mussulman chroniclers； and in the other case upon the garbled statements of the 〃Acts of the Apostles；〃 a book written with a distinct dogmatic purpose； sixty or seventy years after the occurrence of the events which it professes to record。
It is true； many of the words of Jesus； preserved by hearsay tradition through the generation immediately succeeding his death； have come down to us； probably with little alteration； in the pages of the three earlier evangelists。 These are priceless data； since； as we shall see； they are almost the only materials at our command for forming even a partial conception of the character of Jesus' work。 Nevertheless； even here the cautious inquirer has only t
