±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the american republic >

µÚ17ÕÂ

the american republic-µÚ17ÕÂ

С˵£º the american republic ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



¡¡any¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡body¡¡at¡¡rest¡¡can¡¡place¡¡itself¡¡¡¡in¡¡motion¡£¡¡¡¡Lay¡¡the¡¡acorn¡¡away¡¡in¡¡your¡¡closet£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡is¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡deprived¡¡of¡¡air£»¡¡heat£»¡¡and¡¡moisture£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡vain¡¡will¡¡¡¡you¡¡watch¡¡for¡¡its¡¡germination¡£¡¡¡¡Germinate¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡without¡¡some¡¡¡¡external¡¡influence£»¡¡or¡¡communion£»¡¡so¡¡to¡¡speak£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡elements¡¡¡¡from¡¡which¡¡it¡¡derives¡¡its¡¡sustenance¡¡and¡¡support¡£

There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡absolutely¡¡spontaneous¡¡development¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡things¡¡¡¡are¡¡doubtless¡¡active£»¡¡for¡¡nothing¡¡exists¡¡except¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡an¡¡active¡¡force¡¡of¡¡some¡¡sort£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡God¡¡himself¡¡alone¡¡¡¡suffices¡¡for¡¡his¡¡own¡¡activity¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡created¡¡things¡¡are¡¡dependent£»¡¡¡¡have¡¡not¡¡their¡¡being¡¡¡¡92¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡themselves£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡real¡¡only¡¡as¡¡they¡¡¡¡participate£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡creative¡¡act£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Divine¡¡being¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡germ¡¡can¡¡no¡¡more¡¡be¡¡developed¡¡than¡¡it¡¡could¡¡exist¡¡without¡¡God£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡no¡¡more¡¡develop¡¡itself¡¡than¡¡it¡¡could¡¡create¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡is¡¡¡¡called¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡development¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡germ£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡law¡¡or¡¡¡¡force¡¡can¡¡operate¡¡only¡¡in¡¡conjunction¡¡with¡¡another¡¡force¡¡or¡¡other¡¡¡¡forces¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡development£»¡¡as¡¡all¡¡growth£»¡¡is¡¡by¡¡accretion¡¡or¡¡¡¡assimilation¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡assimilating¡¡force¡¡is£»¡¡if¡¡you¡¡will£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡germ£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡assimilated¡¡comes¡¡and¡¡must¡¡come¡¡from¡¡abroad¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Every¡¡herdsman¡¡knows¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡knows¡¡that¡¡to¡¡rear¡¡his¡¡stock¡¡he¡¡must¡¡¡¡supply¡¡them¡¡with¡¡appropriate¡¡food£»¡¡every¡¡husbandman¡¡knows¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡knows¡¡that¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡a¡¡crop¡¡of¡¡corn£»¡¡be¡¡must¡¡plant¡¡the¡¡seed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡¡¡soil¡¡duly¡¡prepared£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡will¡¡supply¡¡the¡¡gases¡¡needed¡¡for¡¡¡¡its¡¡germination£»¡¡growth£»¡¡flowering£»¡¡boiling£»¡¡and¡¡ripening¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡all¡¡created¡¡things£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡things¡¡not¡¡complete¡¡in¡¡themselves£»¡¡in¡¡¡¡all¡¡save¡¡God£»¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡development¡¡possible£»¡¡for¡¡He¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡as¡¡say¡¡the¡¡schoolmen£»¡¡most¡¡pure¡¡act£»¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡¡¡unactualized¡¡possibility£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡law¡¡holds¡¡good¡£¡¡¡¡Development¡¡¡¡is¡¡always¡¡the¡¡resultant¡¡of¡¡two¡¡factors£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡itself£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡other¡¡some¡¡external¡¡force¡¡co¡­operating¡¡with¡¡it£»¡¡exciting¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡aiding¡¡it¡¡to¡¡act¡£¡¡93¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡praemotio¡¡physica¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Thomists£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡praevenient¡¡¡¡and¡¡adjuvant¡¡grace¡¡of¡¡the¡¡theologians£»¡¡without¡¡which¡¡no¡¡one¡¡can¡¡¡¡begin¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡must¡¡needs¡¡be¡¡supernatural¡¡¡¡when¡¡the¡¡end¡¡is¡¡supernatural¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡life¡¡in¡¡all¡¡¡¡orders¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡and¡¡human¡¡activity¡¡no¡¡more¡¡suffices¡¡for¡¡¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡one¡¡order¡¡than¡¡in¡¡another¡£

Here¡¡is¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡the¡¡savage¡¡tribe¡¡never¡¡rises¡¡to¡¡a¡¡¡¡civilized¡¡state¡¡without¡¡communion¡¡in¡¡some¡¡form¡¡with¡¡a¡¡people¡¡¡¡already¡¡civilized£»¡¡and¡¡why¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡moral¡¡or¡¡intellectual¡¡¡¡development¡¡and¡¡progress¡¡without¡¡education¡¡and¡¡instruction£»¡¡¡¡consequently¡¡without¡¡instructors¡¡and¡¡educators¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡value¡¡¡¡of¡¡tradition£»¡¡and¡¡hence£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡first¡¡man¡¡could¡¡not¡¡instruct¡¡¡¡himself£»¡¡Christian¡¡theologians£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡deeper¡¡philosophy¡¡than¡¡is¡¡¡¡dreamed¡¡of¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sciolists¡¡of¡¡the¡¡age£»¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡God¡¡himself¡¡¡¡was¡¡man's¡¡first¡¡teacher£»¡¡or¡¡that¡¡he¡¡created¡¡Adam¡¡a¡¡full¡­grown¡¡¡¡man£»¡¡with¡¡all¡¡his¡¡faculties¡¡developed£»¡¡complete£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡full¡¡¡¡activity¡£¡¡¡¡Hence£»¡¡too£»¡¡the¡¡heathen¡¡mythologies£»¡¡which¡¡always¡¡¡¡contain¡¡some¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡truth£»¡¡however¡¡they¡¡may¡¡distort£»¡¡¡¡mutilate£»¡¡or¡¡travesty¡¡them£»¡¡make¡¡the¡¡gods¡¡the¡¡first¡¡teachers¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡human¡¡race£»¡¡and¡¡ascribe¡¡to¡¡their¡¡instruction¡¡even¡¡the¡¡most¡¡¡¡simple¡¡and¡¡ordinary¡¡arts¡¡of¡¡every¡­day¡¡life¡£¡¡94¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡gods¡¡teach¡¡men¡¡to¡¡¡¡plough£»¡¡to¡¡plant£»¡¡to¡¡reap£»¡¡to¡¡work¡¡in¡¡iron£»¡¡to¡¡erect¡¡a¡¡shelter¡¡¡¡from¡¡the¡¡storm£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡build¡¡a¡¡fire¡¡to¡¡warm¡¡them¡¡and¡¡to¡¡cook¡¡¡¡their¡¡food¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡common¡¡sense£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡common¡¡traditions¡¡¡¡of¡¡mankind£»¡¡refuses¡¡to¡¡accept¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡men¡¡are¡¡developed¡¡¡¡without¡¡foreign¡¡aid£»¡¡or¡¡progressive¡¡without¡¡divine¡¡assistance¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Nature¡¡of¡¡herself¡¡can¡¡no¡¡more¡¡develop¡¡government¡¡than¡¡it¡¡can¡¡¡¡language¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡language¡¡without¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡¡¡society¡¡without¡¡language¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡government¡¡without¡¡¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡society¡¡without¡¡government¡¡of¡¡some¡¡sort¡£

But¡¡even¡¡if¡¡nature¡¡could¡¡spontaneously¡¡develop¡¡herself£»¡¡she¡¡could¡¡¡¡never¡¡develop¡¡an¡¡institution¡¡that¡¡has¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡govern£»¡¡for¡¡¡¡she¡¡has¡¡not¡¡herself¡¡that¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡Nature¡¡is¡¡not¡¡God£»¡¡has¡¡not¡¡¡¡created¡¡us£»¡¡therefore¡¡has¡¡not¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡property¡¡in¡¡us¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡¡¡is¡¡not¡¡and¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡our¡¡sovereign¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡belong¡¡not¡¡to¡¡her£»¡¡nor¡¡¡¡does¡¡she¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡herself£»¡¡for¡¡she¡¡is¡¡herself¡¡creature£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡her¡¡Creator¡£¡¡¡¡Not¡¡being¡¡in¡¡herself¡¡sovereign£»¡¡she¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡develop¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡govern£»¡¡nor¡¡can¡¡she¡¡develop¡¡¡¡government¡¡as¡¡a¡¡fact£»¡¡to¡¡say¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡its¡¡right£»¡¡for¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡whether¡¡we¡¡speak¡¡of¡¡it¡¡as¡¡fact¡¡or¡¡as¡¡authority£»¡¡is¡¡¡¡distinct¡¡from¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡governed£»¡¡but¡¡natural¡¡de¡­¡¡95¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡velopments¡¡¡¡are¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡indistinguishable¡¡from¡¡her¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡governor¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡governed£»¡¡the¡¡restrainer¡¡and¡¡the¡¡restrained£»¡¡can¡¡never¡¡as¡¡such¡¡be¡¡¡¡identical¡£¡¡¡¡Self¡­government£»¡¡taken¡¡strictly£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡contradiction¡¡¡¡in¡¡terms¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡himself£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡¡¡never¡¡understood¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡be¡¡is¡¡¡¡governed¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡by¡¡his¡¡reason¡¡and¡¡will¡¡governs¡¡or¡¡restrains¡¡his¡¡¡¡appetites¡¡and¡¡passions¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡man¡¡as¡¡spirit¡¡governing¡¡man¡¡as¡¡¡¡flesh£»¡¡the¡¡spiritual¡¡mind¡¡governing¡¡the¡¡carnal¡¡mind¡£

Natural¡¡developments¡¡cannot¡¡in¡¡all¡¡cases¡¡be¡¡even¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡take¡¡¡¡their¡¡own¡¡course¡¡without¡¡injury¡¡to¡¡nature¡¡herself¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Follow¡¡¡¡nature¡¨¡¡is¡¡an¡¡unsafe¡¡maxim£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡means£»¡¡leave¡¡nature¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡¡¡herself¡¡as¡¡she¡¡will£»¡¡and¡¡follow¡¡thy¡¡natural¡¡inclinations¡£¡¡¡¡Nature¡¡¡¡is¡¡good£»¡¡but¡¡inclinations¡¡are¡¡frequently¡¡bad¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡our¡¡appetites¡¡¡¡and¡¡passions¡¡are¡¡given¡¡us¡¡for¡¡good£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡purpose¡¡useful¡¡and¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡individual¡¡and¡¡social¡¡life£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡become¡¡morbid¡¡¡¡and¡¡injurious¡¡if¡¡indulged¡¡without¡¡restraint¡£¡¡¡¡Each¡¡has¡¡its¡¡¡¡special¡¡object£»¡¡and¡¡naturally¡¡seeks¡¡it¡¡exclusively£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡¡¡generates¡¡discord¡¡and¡¡war¡¡in¡¡the¡¡individual£»¡¡which¡¡immediately¡¡¡¡find¡¡expression¡¡in¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡state¡¡¡¡be¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡natural¡¡development¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Christian¡¡maxim£»¡¡96¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Deny¡¡¡¡thyself£»¡¡is¡¡far¡¡better¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Epicurean¡¡maxim£»¡¡Enjoy¡¡thyself£»¡¡¡¡for¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡real¡¡enjoyment¡¡without¡¡self¡­denial¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡¡¡deep¡¡philosophy¡¡in¡¡Christian¡¡asceticism£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Positivists¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡are¡¡aware£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡insist¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡Christian¡¡asceticism¡¡¡¡aims¡¡not¡¡to¡¡destroy¡¡nature£»¡¡as¡¡voluptuaries¡¡pretend£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡¡¡regulate£»¡¡direct£»¡¡and¡¡restrain¡¡its¡¡abnormal¡¡developments¡¡for¡¡its¡¡¡¡own¡¡good¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡forces¡¡nature¡¡in¡¡her¡¡developments¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡to¡¡a¡¡¡¡law¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡in¡¡her£»¡¡but¡¡above¡¡her¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Positivists¡¡pretend¡¡¡¡that¡¡this¡¡asceticism¡¡is¡¡itself¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡development£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡development¡¡which¡¡directs£»¡¡controls£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡restrains¡¡natural¡¡development¡£

The¡¡Positivists¡¡confound¡¡nature¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡with¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡another¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡with¡¡nature¡¡herself£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡take¡¡what¡¡is¡¡called¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡law¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡development¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Here¡¡is¡¡their¡¡mistake£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡mistake¡¡of¡¡all¡¡who¡¡accept¡¡¡¡naturalistic¡¡theories¡£¡¡¡¡Society£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»¡¡is¡¡authorized¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡law¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡to¡¡institute¡¡and¡¡maintain¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡law¡¡¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡development£»¡¡nor¡¡is¡¡it¡¡in¡¡nature£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡any¡¡part¡¡of¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡force¡¡which¡¡operates¡¡in¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡developing¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡Do¡¡they¡¡¡¡say¡¡reason¡¡is¡¡natural£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡97¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡is¡¡only¡¡reason£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡not¡¡precisely¡¡the¡¡fact¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡natural¡¡law¡¡is¡¡law¡¡proper£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡is¡¡reason¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡that¡¡reason¡¡includes¡¡both¡¡¡¡intellect¡¡and¡¡will£»¡¡and¡¡nobody¡¡can¡¡pretend¡¡that¡¡nature¡¡in¡¡her¡¡¡¡spontaneous¡¡developments¡¡acts¡¡from¡¡intelligence¡¡and¡¡volition¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Reason£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡knowing£»¡¡is¡¡subjective¡¡and¡¡natural£»¡¡but¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡coincident¡¡with¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡law£»¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡neither¡¡subjective¡¡nor¡¡natural£»¡¡but¡¡objective¡¡and¡¡divine£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡is¡¡God¡¡affirming¡¡himself¡¡and¡¡promulgating¡¡his¡¡law¡¡to¡¡his¡¡¡¡creature£»¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is£»¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡an¡¡immediate¡¡participation¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡divine¡¡by¡¡which¡¡He¡¡reveals¡¡himself¡¡and¡¡His¡¡will¡¡to¡¡the¡¡human¡¡¡¡understanding£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡not¡¡natural£»¡¡but¡¡supernatural£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡¡¡that¡¡God¡¡himself¡¡is¡¡supernatural¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡wherefore¡¡reason¡¡is¡¡¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡man¡¡is¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡or¡¡conform¡¡to¡¡reason¡£

That¡¡legitimate¡¡governments¡¡are¡¡instituted¡¡under¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡law¡¡¡¡is¡¡frankly¡¡conceded£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡the¡¡concession¡¡of¡¡¡¡governmen

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ