新概念英语第4册-第15章
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唬颐墙裉煲材苷啡缡档乜创５窍啾戎拢杂诳蒲芳依此担だ灾皇窃谙执疟涑闪艘桓鲂碌哪烟狻�
令人高兴的是，过去对伽利略的看法并不复杂。他首先是个实验工作者，他蔑视亚里士多德学派的偏见和空洞的书本知识。他向自然界而不是向古人提出问题，并大胆地得出结论。他是第一个把望远镜对准天空的人，观察到的论据足以把亚里士多德和托勒密一起推翻。他就是那个曾经爬上比萨斜塔，从塔顶向下抛掷积各种重物的人；他是那个使地球体沿斜面向下滚动，然后将多次实验结果概括成著名的自由落体定律的人。
但是，对那个时代的深化了解，尤其是以科学家革命中哲学潜流的新意识为依据，进一步仔细研究，就会极大地改变对伽利略的看法。今天，虽然已故的伽利略继续活在许多通俗读物中，但在科学史家中间，一个新的更加复杂的伽利略形象出现了。与此同时，我们对伽利略的反对派的同情也有所增加。伽利略用望远镜所作的观察确实是不朽的，这些观察当时引起人们极大的兴趣，具有重要的理论意义，并充分显示出了仪表和仪器的潜在力量。但是，如果我们想到，便用一架倍数有限的望远镜需要长期的经验和对自己仪器的熟悉程度，那么我们怎么能去责备观察了天空但没有看到伽利略所看到的东西的那些人呢？某位哲学家曾拒绝使用伽利略的望远镜去观察天空；到了19世纪40年代，有人硬把罗斯勋爵高倍望远镜观测到的螺旋状星云说成是磨镜工留下的磨痕。难道反对伽利略的哲学家比诋毁罗斯勋爵造谣者应受到更大的谴责吗？如果我们回想一下伽利略之前几个世纪期间，曲面镜一直是一种用于产生幻影而不是产生真象的把戏装置，那么我们就会原谅那些当时把伽利略观察到的木星卫生说成是伽利略用他的小望远镜变出来的人们，何况一片曲面镜就可歪曲自然，那么伽利略的两片曲面镜对自然的歪曲又该多大呢？
Lesson 33
Education
教育
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is education democratic in bookless； tribal societies？
Education is one of the key words of our time。 A man without an education； many of us believe； is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances； deprived of one of the greatest twentieth…century opportunities。 Convinced of the importance of education； modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders。 Education； with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out； punctuated by textbooks those purchasable wells of wisdom…what would civilization be like without its benefits？
So much is certain： that we would have doctors and preachers； lawyers and defendants； marriages and births but our spiritual outlook would be different。 We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory； on applied psychology； and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow…citizens。 If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable。 Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all； it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life。
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain。 In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all。 There are no 'illiterates' if the term can be applied to peoples without a script while our own pulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642； in France in 1806； and in England in 1876； and is still non…existent in a number of 'civilized' nations。 This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries。
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means。 All are entitled to an equal start。 There is none of the hurry which； in our society； often hampers the full development of a growing personality。 There； a child grows up under the ever…present attention of his parent； therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'。 No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children； and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child。
JULIUS E。 LIPS The Origin of Things
New words and expressions 生词和短语
adverse
adj。
purchasable
adj。可买到的
preacher
n。 传教士
defendant
n。 被告
outlook
n。 视野
capacity
n。 能力
democratic
adj。 民主的
tribal
n。 部落的
tribe
n。 部落
illiterate
n。 文盲
pulsory
adj。 义务的
deem
v。 认为
means
n。 方法，手段，财产，资力
hamper
v。 妨碍
savannah
n。 大草原
juvenile
adj。 青少年
delinquency
n。 犯罪
参考译文
教育是我们这个时代的关键词之一。我们许多人都相信，一个没有受过教育的人，是逆境的牺牲品，被剥夺了20世纪的最优越的机会之一。现代国家深深懂得教育的重要性，对教育机构投资，收回的‘利息’便是培养出大批有知识的男女青年，这些人可能成为未来的栋梁。教育，以其教学周期如此精心地安排，并以教科书 那些可以买到的智慧源泉 予以强化，如果不受其惠，文明将会是个什么样子呢？
至少，这些是可以肯定的：虽然我们还会有医生和牧师、律师和被告、婚姻和生育，但人们的精神面貌将是另一个样子。人们不会重视‘资料和数据’，而靠好记性、实用心理学与同伴相处的能力。如果我们的教育制度仿效没有书籍的古代教育，我们的学院将具有可以想象得出的最民主的形式了。在部落中，通过传统继承的知识为所有人共享，并传授给部落中的每一个成员。从这个意义上讲，人人受到的有关生活本领的教育是相等的。
这就是我们最进步的现代教育试图恢复的“平等起步”的理想状况。在原始文化中，寻求和接受传统教育的义务对全民都有约束力。因而没有“文盲”（如果这个字眼儿可以用于没有文字的民族的话）。而我们的义务教育成为法律在德国是在1642年，在法国是在1806年，在英国是在1876年。今天，在许多“文明”国家里，义务教育迄今尚未实行。这说明，经过了多么漫长的时间之后，我们才认识到，有必要确保我们的孩子享有多少个世纪以来由‘少数幸运者’所积累起来的知识。
荒凉地区的教育不是钱的问题，所有的人都享有平等起步的权利。那里没有我们今天社会中的匆忙生活，而匆忙的生活常常妨碍个性的全面发展。荒凉地区的孩子无时无刻不在父母关怀下成长。因此，丛林和荒凉地区不知道什么叫“青少年犯罪”。人们没有必要离家谋生，所以不会产生孩子无人管的问题，也不存在父亲无力为孩子支付教育费用而犯难的问题。
Lesson 34
Adolescence
青春期
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do adolescents respect in parents？
Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking； or cleaning； or furniture； and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed。 They may even accuse them of disloyalty； or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents。 Such loss of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part to their parents about the place or people they visit。 Before very long the parents will be plaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything； but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves。
Disillusionment with the parents； however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals； is to some degree inevitable。 Most children have such a high ideal of their parents； unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory； that it can hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation。 Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation。 Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility； and how much this faith means to a child。 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction； and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment； they would not be so hurt； and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it。
The adolescent； with his passion for sincerity； always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong； or ignorant； or even that he has been unfair or unjust。 What the child cannot forgive is the parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true。
Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by ret
