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'8' Histoire de la Chimie; par Ferdinand Hoefer。 Paris; 1869; Vol。 CL; p。 289。

'9' Elements of Chemistry; by Anton Laurent Lavoisier; translated by Robert Kerr; p。 8。 London and Edinburgh; 1790。 

'10' Ibid。; pp。 414…416。

CHAPTER III。 CHEMISTRY SINCE THE TIME OF DALTON

'1' Sir Humphry Davy; in Phil。 Trans。; Vol。 VIII。

CHAPTER IV。 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

'1' Baas; History of Medicine; p。 692。

'2' Based on Thomas H。 Huxley's Presidential Address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science; 1870。

'3' Essays on Digestion; by James Carson。 London; 1834; p。 6。

'4' Ibid。; p。 7。 

'5' John Hunter; On the Digestion of the Stomach after Death; first edition; pp。 183…188。

'6' Erasmus Darwin; The Botanic Garden; pp。 448…453。 London; 1799。

CHAPTER V。 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

'1' Baron de Cuvier's Theory of the Earth。 New York; 1818; p。 123。

'2' On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation of Orchidex and Asclepiadea; by Robert Brown; Esq。; in Miscellaneous Botanical Works。 London; 1866; Vol。 I。; pp。  511…514。

'3' Justin Liebig; Animal Chemistry。 London; 1843; p。 17f。

CHAPTER VI。 THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

'1' 〃Essay on the Metamorphoses of Plants;〃 by Goethe; translated for the present work from Grundriss einer Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften; by Friederich Dannemann (2 vols。)。 Leipzig; 1896; Vol。 I。; p。 194。

'2' The Temple of Nature; or The Origin of Society; by Erasmus Darwin; edition published in 1807; p。 35。

'3' Baron de Cuvier; Theory of the Earth。 New York; 1818; p。74。 (This was the introduction to Cuvier's great work。)

'4' Robert Chambers; Explanations: a sequel to Vestiges of Creation。 London; Churchill; 1845; pp。 148…153。

CHAPTER VII。 EIGHTEENTH…CENTURY MEDICINE

'1' Condensed from Dr。 Boerhaave's Academical Lectures on the Theory of Physic。 London; 1751; pp。 77; 78。 Boerhaave's lectures were published as Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis Morbis; Leyden; 1709。 On this book Van Swieten wrote commentaries filling five volumes。 Another very celebrated work of Boerhaave is his Institutiones et Experimenta Chemic; Paris; 1724; the germs of this being given as a lecture on his appointment to the chair of chemistry in the University of Leyden in 1718。

'2' An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccine; etc。; by Edward Jenner; M。D。; F。R。S。; etc。 London; 1799; pp。 2…7。 He wrote several other papers; most of which were communications to the Royal Society。 His last publication was; On the Influence of Artificial Eruptions in Certain Diseases (London; 1822); a subject to which he had given much time and study。

CHAPTER VIII。 NINETEENTH…CENTURY MEDICINE

'1' In the introduction to Corvisart's translation of Avenbrugger's work。 Paris; 1808。

'2' Laennec; Traite d'Auscultation Mediate。 Paris; 1819。 This was Laennec's chief work; and was soon translated into several different languages。 Before publishing this he had written also; Propositions sur la doctrine midicale d'Hippocrate; Paris; 1804; and Memoires sur les vers visiculaires; in the same year。

'3' Researches; Chemical and Philosophical; chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air and its Respiration; by Humphry Davy。 London; 1800; pp。 479…556。

'4' Ibid。

'5' For accounts of the discovery of anaesthesia; see Report of the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston; 1888。 Also; The Ether Controversy: Vindication of the Hospital Reports of 1848; by N。 L Bowditch; Boston; 1848。 An excellent account is given in Littell's Living Age; for March; 1848; written by R。 H。 Dana; Jr。 There are also two Congressional Reports on the question of the discovery of etherization; one for 1848; the other for 11852。

'6' Simpson made public this discovery of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in a paper read before the Medico…Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh; in March; 1847; about three months after he had first seen a surgical operation performed upon a patient to whom ether had been administered。

'7' Louis Pasteur; Studies on Fermentation。 London; 1870。

'8' Louis Pasteur; in Comptes Rendus des Sciences de L'Academie des Sciences; vol。 XCII。; 1881; pp。 429…435。

CHAPTER IX。 THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

'1' Bell's communications were made to the Royal Society; but his studies and his discoveries in the field of anatomy of the nervous system were collected and published; in 1824; as An Exposition of the Natural System of Nerves of the Human Body: being a Republication of the Papers delivered to the Royal Society on the Subject of the Nerves。

'2' Marshall Hall; M。D。; F。R。S。L。; On the Reflex Functions of the Medulla Oblongata and the Medulla Spinalis; in Phil。 Trans。 of Royal Soc。; vol。 XXXIII。; 1833。





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