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the unknown guest(聴伏人)-及38嫗

弌傍�� the unknown guest(聴伏人) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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picture�察�no memory�察�which he has never had occasion to connect with any 

sensation�察  �agreeable   or   disagreeable。   He   handles   figures�察  �which   even   to 

man are nothing but obscure and abstract ideas。 He solves problems that 

cannot     possibly    be  made    objective    or  concrete。    He   reproduces     letters 

which�察�from  his point of   view�察 �correspond   with nothing actual。  He  fixes 

his attention and makes observations on things or circumstances which in 

no    way    affect  him�察  �which     remain    and   always    will   remain    alien  and 

indifferent to him。 In a word�察�he steps out of the narrow ring in which he 

was made to turn by hunger and fearwhich have been described as the 

two great moving powers of all that is not humanto enter the immense 

circle in which sensations go on being shed till ideas come into view。 



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     Is it possible to believe that the horses really do what they appear to do�拭�

Is   there   no   precedent   for   the   marvel�拭  �Is   there   no   transition   between   the 

Elberfeld stallions and the horses which we have known until this day�拭�It 

is not easy to answer these questions�察�for it is only since yesterday that the 

intellectual   powers   of   our   defenseless   brothers   have   been   subjected   to 

strictly scientific experiments。 We have�察�it is true more than one collection 

of anecdotes in which the intelligence of animals is lauded to the skies�察�but 

we   cannot   rely   upon   these   ill´authenticated   stories。  To   find   genuine   and 

incontestable instances we must have recourse to the works�察�rare as yet�察�of 

scientific men who have made a special study of the subject。 M。 Hachet´ 

Souplet�察     �for   example�察    �the   director    of   the   Institut   de   Psychologie 

Zoologique�察�mentions the case of a dog who learnt to acquire an abstract 

idea of weight。 You put in front of him eight rounded and polished stones�察�

all of exactly the same size and shape�察�but of different weights。 You tell 



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him to fetch the heaviest or the lightest�察�he judges their weight by lifting 

them and�察�without mistake�察�picks out the one required。 

     The same writer also tells the story of a parrot to whom he had taught 

the word ;cupboard; by showing him a little box that could be hung up on 

the wall at different heights and in which his daily allowance of food was 

always ostentatiously put away�察�

     ;I next taught him the names of a number of objects�察─�says M。 Hachet´ 

Souplet�察 �by holding   them out to him。 Among them  was a   ladder�察�and   I 

prevailed upon the bird to say�察�'Climb��' each time that he saw me mount 

the   steps。   One   morning�察    �when    the   parrot's  cage   was    brought    into  the 

laboratory�察  �the   cupboard   was   hanging   near   the   ceiling�察  �while   the   little 

ladder was stowed away in a corner among other objects familiar to the 

bird。   Now   the   parrot�察  �every   day�察  �when   I   opened   the   cupboard�察  �used   to 

scream�察�'Cupboard� �Cupboard� �Cupboard��' with all his might。 My problem 

was�察�therefore�察�this�此�seeing that the cupboard was out of my reach and that�察�

therefore�察�I could not take his food out of it�察�knowing�察�on the other hand�察�

that I was able to raise myself above the level of the floor by climbing the 

ladder�察�and having the words 'climb' and 'ladder' at his disposal�此�would he 

employ them to suggest to me the idea of using them in order to reach the 

cupboard�拭�Greatly excited�察�the parrot flapped his wings�察�bit the bars of his 

cage�察�and screamed�此�

     ;'Cupboard� �Cupboard� �Cupboard��'; 

     ;And I got no more out of him that day。 The next day�察�the bird�察�having 

received nothing but millet�察�for which he did not much care�察�instead of the 

hemp´seed   contained   in   the   cupboard�察  �was   in   paroxysms   of   anger�察  �and�察�

after he had made numberless attempts to force open his bars�察�his attention 

was at last caught by the ladder and he said�此�

     ;'Ladder�察�climb�察�cupboard��'; 

     We have here�察�as the author remarks�察�a marvellous intellectual effort。 

There is an evident association of ideas�察�cause is linked with effect�察�and 

examples      such    as  this  lesson   appreciably     the   distance   separating     our 

learned     horses    from    their  less   celebrated    brethren。    We    must    admit�察�

however�察     �that  this   intellectual   effort�察 �if  we   observe�察    �animals    a  little 

carefully�察  �is   much   less   uncommon   than   we   think。   It   surprises   us   in   this 



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case     because     a   special    and�察  �when     all   is  said�察  �purely    mechanical 

arrangement   of   the   parrot's   organ   gives   him   a   human   voice。   At   every 

moment�察�I find in my own dog associations of ideas no less evident and 

often more complex。 For instance�察�if he is thirsty�察�he seeks my eyes and 

next   looks   at   the   tap   in   the   dressing´room�察  �thus   showing   that   he   very 

plainly     connects     the   notions     of   thirst�察  �running     water    and    human 

intervention。      When     I  dress   to   go   out�察 �he   evidently     watches    all  my 

movements。   While   I   am   lacing   my   boots�察  �he   conscientiously   licks   my 

hands�察  �in   order   that   my   divinity   may   be   good   to   him   and   especially   to 

congratulate me on my capital idea of going out for a constitutional。 It is a 

sort of general and as yet vague approval。 Boots promise an excursion out 

of doors�察�that is to say�察�space�察�fragrant roads�察�long grass full of surprises�察�

corners scented with offal�察�friendly or tragic encounters and the pursuit of 

wholly illusory�察�game。 But the fair vision is still in anxious suspense。 He 

does not yet know if he is going with me。 His fate is now being decided�察�

and his   eyes�察�melting   with anguish�察 �devour my   mind。 If   I buckle   on   my 

leather    gaiters�察  �it  means    the   sudden     and   utter  extinction�察   �of   all  that 

constitutes the joy of life。 They leave not a ray of hope。 They herald the 

hateful�察�lonely motorcycle�察�which he cannot keep up with�察�and he stretches 

himself sadly in a dark corner�察�where he goes back to the gloomy dreams 

of an unoccupied�察�forsaken dog。 But�察�when I slip my arms into the sleeves 

of my heavy great´coat�察�one would think that they were opening the gates 

of   the   most    dazzling    paradise。    For   this  implies    the  car�察 �the   obvious�察�

indubitable   motor´car�察  �in   other   words�察  �the   radiant   summit   of   the   most 

superlative      delight。   And     delirious    barks�察  �inordinate     bounds�察    �riotous�察�

embarrassing demonstrations of affection greet a happiness which�察�for all 

that�察�is but an immaterial idea�察�built up of artless memories and ingenuous 

hopes。 



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     I  mention     these   matters    only   because     they   are  quite   ordinary   and 

because there is nobody who has not made a thousand similar observations。 

As   a   rule�察  �we   do   not   notice   that   these   humble   manifestations   represent 

sentiments�察�associations of ideas�察�inferences�察�deductions�察�an absolute and 



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altogether   human        mental   effort。   They   lack   only   speech�察  �but   speech   is 

merely   a   mechanical   accident   which   reveals   the   operations   of   thought 

more     clearly    to  us。   We   are   amazed      that  Mohammed          or  Zarif   should 

recognize the picture of a horse�察�a donkey�察�a hat�察�or a man on horseback�察�or 

that they should s

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