the unknown guest(聴伏人)-及38嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
picture�察�no memory�察�which he has never had occasion to connect with any
sensation�察 �agreeable or disagreeable。 He handles figures�察 �which even to
man are nothing but obscure and abstract ideas。 He solves problems that
cannot possibly be made objective or concrete。 He reproduces letters
which�察�from his point of view�察 �correspond with nothing actual。 He fixes
his attention and makes observations on things or circumstances which in
no way affect him�察 �which remain and always will remain alien and
indifferent to him。 In a word�察�he steps out of the narrow ring in which he
was made to turn by hunger and fearwhich have been described as the
two great moving powers of all that is not humanto enter the immense
circle in which sensations go on being shed till ideas come into view。
22
Is it possible to believe that the horses really do what they appear to do�拭�
Is there no precedent for the marvel�拭 �Is there no transition between the
Elberfeld stallions and the horses which we have known until this day�拭�It
is not easy to answer these questions�察�for it is only since yesterday that the
intellectual powers of our defenseless brothers have been subjected to
strictly scientific experiments。 We have�察�it is true more than one collection
of anecdotes in which the intelligence of animals is lauded to the skies�察�but
we cannot rely upon these ill´authenticated stories。 To find genuine and
incontestable instances we must have recourse to the works�察�rare as yet�察�of
scientific men who have made a special study of the subject。 M。 Hachet´
Souplet�察 �for example�察 �the director of the Institut de Psychologie
Zoologique�察�mentions the case of a dog who learnt to acquire an abstract
idea of weight。 You put in front of him eight rounded and polished stones�察�
all of exactly the same size and shape�察�but of different weights。 You tell
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him to fetch the heaviest or the lightest�察�he judges their weight by lifting
them and�察�without mistake�察�picks out the one required。
The same writer also tells the story of a parrot to whom he had taught
the word ;cupboard; by showing him a little box that could be hung up on
the wall at different heights and in which his daily allowance of food was
always ostentatiously put away�察�
;I next taught him the names of a number of objects�察─�says M。 Hachet´
Souplet�察 �by holding them out to him。 Among them was a ladder�察�and I
prevailed upon the bird to say�察�'Climb��' each time that he saw me mount
the steps。 One morning�察 �when the parrot's cage was brought into the
laboratory�察 �the cupboard was hanging near the ceiling�察 �while the little
ladder was stowed away in a corner among other objects familiar to the
bird。 Now the parrot�察 �every day�察 �when I opened the cupboard�察 �used to
scream�察�'Cupboard� �Cupboard� �Cupboard��' with all his might。 My problem
was�察�therefore�察�this�此�seeing that the cupboard was out of my reach and that�察�
therefore�察�I could not take his food out of it�察�knowing�察�on the other hand�察�
that I was able to raise myself above the level of the floor by climbing the
ladder�察�and having the words 'climb' and 'ladder' at his disposal�此�would he
employ them to suggest to me the idea of using them in order to reach the
cupboard�拭�Greatly excited�察�the parrot flapped his wings�察�bit the bars of his
cage�察�and screamed�此�
;'Cupboard� �Cupboard� �Cupboard��';
;And I got no more out of him that day。 The next day�察�the bird�察�having
received nothing but millet�察�for which he did not much care�察�instead of the
hemp´seed contained in the cupboard�察 �was in paroxysms of anger�察 �and�察�
after he had made numberless attempts to force open his bars�察�his attention
was at last caught by the ladder and he said�此�
;'Ladder�察�climb�察�cupboard��';
We have here�察�as the author remarks�察�a marvellous intellectual effort。
There is an evident association of ideas�察�cause is linked with effect�察�and
examples such as this lesson appreciably the distance separating our
learned horses from their less celebrated brethren。 We must admit�察�
however�察 �that this intellectual effort�察 �if we observe�察 �animals a little
carefully�察 �is much less uncommon than we think。 It surprises us in this
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case because a special and�察 �when all is said�察 �purely mechanical
arrangement of the parrot's organ gives him a human voice。 At every
moment�察�I find in my own dog associations of ideas no less evident and
often more complex。 For instance�察�if he is thirsty�察�he seeks my eyes and
next looks at the tap in the dressing´room�察 �thus showing that he very
plainly connects the notions of thirst�察 �running water and human
intervention。 When I dress to go out�察 �he evidently watches all my
movements。 While I am lacing my boots�察 �he conscientiously licks my
hands�察 �in order that my divinity may be good to him and especially to
congratulate me on my capital idea of going out for a constitutional。 It is a
sort of general and as yet vague approval。 Boots promise an excursion out
of doors�察�that is to say�察�space�察�fragrant roads�察�long grass full of surprises�察�
corners scented with offal�察�friendly or tragic encounters and the pursuit of
wholly illusory�察�game。 But the fair vision is still in anxious suspense。 He
does not yet know if he is going with me。 His fate is now being decided�察�
and his eyes�察�melting with anguish�察 �devour my mind。 If I buckle on my
leather gaiters�察 �it means the sudden and utter extinction�察 �of all that
constitutes the joy of life。 They leave not a ray of hope。 They herald the
hateful�察�lonely motorcycle�察�which he cannot keep up with�察�and he stretches
himself sadly in a dark corner�察�where he goes back to the gloomy dreams
of an unoccupied�察�forsaken dog。 But�察�when I slip my arms into the sleeves
of my heavy great´coat�察�one would think that they were opening the gates
of the most dazzling paradise。 For this implies the car�察 �the obvious�察�
indubitable motor´car�察 �in other words�察 �the radiant summit of the most
superlative delight。 And delirious barks�察 �inordinate bounds�察 �riotous�察�
embarrassing demonstrations of affection greet a happiness which�察�for all
that�察�is but an immaterial idea�察�built up of artless memories and ingenuous
hopes。
23
I mention these matters only because they are quite ordinary and
because there is nobody who has not made a thousand similar observations。
As a rule�察 �we do not notice that these humble manifestations represent
sentiments�察�associations of ideas�察�inferences�察�deductions�察�an absolute and
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altogether human mental effort。 They lack only speech�察 �but speech is
merely a mechanical accident which reveals the operations of thought
more clearly to us。 We are amazed that Mohammed or Zarif should
recognize the picture of a horse�察�a donkey�察�a hat�察�or a man on horseback�察�or
that they should s