theologico-political treatise p4(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢4)-及17嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
said�察�that the practice of justice and charity only acquires the force of law
through the rights of the sovereign authority�察 �for we showed in Chapter
XVI。 that in the state of nature reason has no more rights than desire�察�but
that men living either by the laws of the former or the laws of the latter�察�
possess rights co´extensive with their powers。
��19��15�� For this reason we could not conceive sin to exist in the state
of nature�察�nor imagine God as a judge punishing man's transgressions�察�but
we supposed all things to happen according to the general laws of
universal nature�察 �there being no difference between pious and impious�察�
between him that was pure ��as Solomon says�� and him that was impure�察�
because there was no possibility either of justice or charity。
��19��2�А 。�16�� In order that the true doctrines of reason�察 �that is ��as we
showed in Chapter IV。���察�the true Divine doctrines might obtain absolutely
the force of law and right�察 �it was necessary that each individual should
cede his natural right�察�and transfer it either to society as a whole�察�or to a
certain body of men�察�or to one man。 ��17�� Then�察�and not till then�察�does it
first dawn upon us what is justice and what is injustice�察�what is equity and
what is iniquity。
��19��18�� Justice�察 �therefore�察 �and absolutely all the precepts of reason�察�
including love towards one's neighbour�察 �receive the force of laws and
ordinances solely through the rights of dominion�察�that is ��as we showed in
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the same chapter�� solely on the decree of those who possess the right to
rule。 ��19�� Inasmuch as the kingdom of God consists entirely in rights
applied to justice and charity or to true religion�察 �it follows that ��as we
asserted�� the kingdom of God can only exist among men through the
means of the sovereign powers�察�nor does it make any difference whether
religion be apprehended by our natural faculties or by revelation�此 �the
argument is sound in both cases�察�inasmuch as religion is one and the same�察�
and is equally revealed by God�察 �whatever be the manner in which it
becomes known to men。
��19��20�� Thus�察�in order that the religion revealed by the prophets might
have the force of law among the Jews�察�it was necessary that every man of
them should yield up his natural right�察�and that all should�察�with one accord�察�
agree that they would only obey such commands as God should reveal to
them through the prophets。 ��21�� Just as we have shown to take place in a
democracy�察 �where men with one consent agree to live according to the
dictates of reason。 ��22�� Although the Hebrews furthermore transferred
their right to God�察�they were able to do so rather in theory than in practice�察�
for�察�as a matter of fact ��as we pointed out above�� they absolutely retained
the right of dominion till they transferred it to Moses�察 �who in his turn
became absolute king�察�so that it was only through him that God reigned
over the Hebrews。 ��23�� For this reason ��namely�察�that religion only acquires
the force of law by means of the sovereign power�� Moses was not able to
punish those who�察 �before the covenant�察 �and consequently while still in
possession of their rights�察 �violated the Sabbath ��Exod。 xvi��27���察 �but was
able to do so after the covenant ��Numb。 xv��36���察�because everyone had then
yielded up his natural rights�察 �and the ordinance of the Sabbath had
received the force of law。
��19��24�� Lastly�察�for the same reason�察�after the destruction of the Hebrew
dominion�察�revealed religion ceased to have the force of law�察�for we cannot
doubt that as soon as the Jews transferred their right to the king of
Babylon�察�the kingdom of God and the Divine right forthwith ceased。 ��25��
For the covenant wherewith they promised to obey all the utterances of
God was abrogated�察 �God's kingdom�察 �which was based thereupon�察 �also
ceased。 ��26�� The Hebrews could no longer abide thereby�察 �inasmuch as
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their rights no longer belonged to them but to the king of Babylon�察�whom
��as we showed in Chapter XVI。�� they were bound to obey in all things。 ��27��
Jeremiah ��chap。 xxix��7�� expressly admonishes them of this fact�此 �And seek
the peace of the city�察 �whither I have caused you to be carried away
captives�察�and pray unto the Lord for it�察�for in the peace thereof shall ye
have peace。; ��28�� Now�察�they could not seek the peace of the City as having
a share in its government�察�but only as slaves�察�being�察�as they were�察�captives�察�
by obedience in all things�察 �with a view to avoiding seditions�察 �and by
observing all the laws of the country�察�however different from their own。
��29�� It is thus abundantly evident that religion among the Hebrews only
acquired the form of law through the right of the sovereign rule�察�when that
rule was destroyed�察 �it could no longer be received as the law of a
particular kingdom�察�but only as the universal precept of reason。 ��30�� I say
of reason�察 �for the universal religion had not yet become known by
revelation。 ��31�� We may therefore draw the general conclusion that
religion�察 �whether revealed through our natural faculties or through
prophets�察�receives the force of a command solely through the decrees of
the holders of sovereign power�察 �and�察 �further�察 �that God has no special
kingdom among men�察 �except in so far as He reigns through earthly
potentates。
��19��32�� We may now see in a clearer light what was stated in Chapter
IV。�察�namely�察�that all the decrees of God involve eternal truth and necessity�察�
so that we cannot conceive God as a prince or legislator giving laws to
mankind。 ��33�� For this reason the Divine precepts�察 �whether revealed
through our natural faculties�察 �or through prophets�察 �do not receive
immediately from God the force of a command�察�but only from those�察�or
through the mediation of those�察 �who possess the right of ruling and
legislating。 ��34�� It is only through these latter means that God rules among
men�察�and directs human affairs with justice and equity。
��19��35�� This conclusion is supported by experience�察�for we find traces
of Divine justice only in places where just men bear sway�察�elsewhere the
same lot ��to repeat�察�again Solomon's words�� befalls the just and the unjust�察�
the pure and the impure�此�a state of things which causes Divine Providence
to be doubted by many who think that God immediately reigns among
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men�察�and directs all nature for their benefit。
��19��3�А。�36�� As�察�then�察�both reason and experience tell us that the Divine
right is entirely dependent on the decrees of secular rulers�察�it follows that
secular rulers are its proper interpreters。 ��37�� How this is so we shall now
see�察�for it is time to show that the outward observances of religion�察�and all
the external practices of piety should be brought into accordance w