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及14嫗

a treatise on parents and children(幻銚嚥徨溺廨籾冩梢)-及14嫗


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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




goes on carrying children after they can walk lest they should walk into 

mischief�察  �though   Arab   boys   make   their   sisters   carry   them�察  �as   our   own 

spoiled     children    sometimes      make    their   nurses�察  �out   of  mere    laziness�察�

because   sisters   in   the   East   and   nurses in   the West   are   kept   in   servitude。 

But in a society of equals ��the only reasonable and permanently possible 

sort   of   society��   children   are   in   much   greater   danger   of   acquiring   bandy 

legs through being left to walk before they are strong enough than of being 

carried when they are well able to walk。             Anyhow�察�freedom of movement 

in a nursery is the reward of learning to walk�察�and in precisely the same 

way freedom of movement in a city is the reward of learning how to read 

public   notices�察  �and   to   count   and   use   money。    The   consequences   are   of 

course much larger than the mere ability to read the name of a street or the 

number of a railway platform and the destination of a train。                    When you 

enable a child to read these�察�you also enable it to read this preface�察�to the 

utter destruction�察�you may quite possibly think�察�of its morals and docility。 

You also expose it to the danger of being run over by taxicabs and trains。 

The   moral   and   physical   risks   of   education   are   enormous�此       �every   new 



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power   a   child    acquires�察  �from   speaking�察  �walking�察  �and       co´ordinating   its 

vision�察    �to  conquering      continents      and   founding      religions�察   �opens    up 

immense new possibilities of mischief。               Teach   a child to write and  you 

teach   it   how   to   forge�此 �teach   it   to   speak   and   you   teach   it   how   to   lie�此�

teach it to walk and you teach it how to kick its mother to death。 

     The great problem of slavery for those whose aim is to maintain it is 

the problem of reconciling the efficiency of the slave with the helplessness 

that keeps him in servitude�察�and this problem is fortunately not completely 

soluble�察�for it is not in fact found possible for a duke to treat his solicitor 

or his doctor as he treats his laborers�察�though they are all equally his slaves�此�

the laborer being in fact less dependent on his favor than the professional 

man。 Hence it is that men come to resent�察�of all things�察�protection�察�because 

it so often means restriction of their liberty lest they should make a bad 

use of it。     If there are dangerous precipices about�察�it is much easier and 

cheaper to forbid people to walk near the edge than to put up an effective 

fence�此    �that is why both legislators and parents and the paid deputies of 

parents are always inhibiting and prohibiting and punishing and scolding 

and   laming   and   cramping   and   delaying   progress   and   growth   instead   of 

making   the   dangerous   places   as   safe   as   possible   and   then   boldly   taking 

and allowing others to take the irreducible minimum of risk。 



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        English Physical Hardihood and 

                    Spiritual Cowardice 



    It   is  easier  to  convert  most   people   to  the  need  for  allowing    their 

children to run physical risks than moral ones。         I can remember a relative 

of mine who�察�when I was a small child�察�unused to horses and very much 

afraid of them�察�insisted on putting me on a rather rumbustious pony with 

little spurs on my heels ��knowing that in my agitation I would use them 

unconsciously���察�and being enormously amused at my terrors。                 Yet when 

that same lady discovered that I had found a copy of The Arabian Nights 

and was devouring it with avidity�察�she was horrified�察�and hid it away from 

me lest it should break my soul as the pony might have broken my neck。 

This   way   of   producing   hardy   bodies   and   timid   souls   is   so   common   in 

country houses   that you   may spend hours in  them listening to stories of 

broken collar bones�察�broken backs�察�and broken necks without coming upon 

a single spiritual adventure or daring thought。 

    But whether the risks to which liberty exposes us are moral or physical 

our right to liberty involves the right to run them。        A man who is not free 

to risk his neck as an aviator or his soul as a heretic is not free at all�察�and 

the right to liberty begins�察�not at the age of 21 years but of 21 seconds。 



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               The Risks of Ignorance and 

                                 Weakness 



     The difficulty with children is that they need protection from risks they 

are too young to understand�察�and attacks they can neither avoid nor resist。 

You may on academic grounds allow a child to snatch glowing coals from 

the fire once。     You will not do it twice。        The risks of liberty we must let 

everyone take�察�but the risks of ignorance and self´helplessness are another 

matter。    Not   only   children   but   adults   need   protection   from   them。     At 

present    adults   are   often  exposed     to  risks  outside    their  knowledge      or 

beyond   their   comprehension   or   powers   of   resistance   or   foresight�此      �for 

example�察     �we   have    to  look    on   every   day   at   marriages    or   financial 

speculations that may involve far worse consequences than burnt fingers。 

And just as it is part of the business of adults to protect children�察�to feed 

them�察  �clothe   them�察  �shelter   them�察  �and   shift   for   them   in   all   sorts   of   ways 

until they are able to shift for themselves�察�it is coming more and more to 

be seen that this is true not only of the relation between adults and children�察�

but between adults and adults。          We shall not always look on indifferently 

at   foolish   marriages   and   financial   speculations�察  �nor   allow   dead   men   to 

control live communities by ridiculous wills and living heirs to squander 

and ruin great estates�察�nor tolerate a hundred other absurd liberties that we 

allow today because we are too lazy to find out the proper way to interfere。 

But the interference must be regulated by some theory of the individual's 

rights。    Though the right to live is absolute�察�it is not unconditional。             If a 

man is unbearably mischievous�察�he must be killed。               This is a mere matter 

of necessity�察�like the killing of a man´eating tiger in a nursery�察�a venomous 

snake in   the   garden�察 �or   a   fox   in   the   poultry  yard。 No   society  could   be 

constructed on the assumption that such extermination is a violation of the 

creature's right to live�察�and therefore must not be allowed。                And then at 

once   arises   the   danger   into   which   morality   has   led   us�此�the   danger   of 

persecution。      One     Christian    spreading    his  doctrines    may    seem    more 

mischievous than a dozen thieves�此           �throw him therefore to the lions。          A 

lying    or  disobedient    child   may   corrupt    a  whole    generation    and   make 



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human Society impossible�此      �therefore thrash the vice out of him。    And so 

on until our whole system of abortion�察�intimidation�察�tyranny�察�cruelty and 

the rest is in full swing again。 



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                        A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN 



        The Common Sense of Toleration 



     The real safeguard against thi

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