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are the three great�察�original�察�and constituent orders of every

civilised society�察�from whose revenue that of every other order

is ultimately derived。

     The interest of the first of those three great orders�察�it

appears from what has been just now said�察�is strictly and

inseparably connected with the general interest of the society。

Whatever either promotes or obstructs the one�察�necessarily

promotes or obstructs the other。 When the public deliberates

concerning any regulation of commerce or police�察�the proprietors

of land never can mislead it�察�with a view to promote the interest

of their own particular order�察�at least�察�if they have any

tolerable knowledge of that interest。 They are�察�indeed�察�too often

defective in this tolerable knowledge。 They are the only one of

the three orders whose revenue costs them neither labour nor

care�察�but comes to them�察�as it were�察�of its own accord�察�and

independent of any plan or project of their own。 That indolence��

which is the natural effect of the ease and security of their

situation�察�renders them too often�察�not only ignorant�察�but

incapable of that application of mind which is necessary in order

to foresee and understand the consequences of any public

regulation。

     The interest of the second order�察�that of those who live by

wages�察�is as strictly connected with the interest of the society

as that of the first。 The wages of the labourer�察�it has already

been shown�察�are never so high as when the demand for labour is

continually rising�察�or when the quantity employed is every year

increasing considerably。 When this real wealth of the society

becomes stationary�察�his wages are soon reduced to what is barely

enough to enable him to bring up a family�察�or to continue the

race of labourers。 When the society declines�察�they fall even

below this。 The order of proprietors may�察�perhaps�察�gain more by

the prosperity of the society than that of labourers�此�but there

is no order that suffers so cruelly from its decline。 But though

the interest of the labourer is strictly connected with that of

the society�察�he is incapable either of comprehending that

interest or of understanding its connection with his own。 His

condition leaves him no time to receive the necessary

information�察�and his education and habits are commonly such as to

render him unfit to judge even though he was fully informed。 In

the public deliberations�察�therefore�察�his voice is little heard

and less regarded�察�except upon some particular occasions�察�when

his clamour is animated�察�set on and supported by his employers��

not for his�察�but their own particular purposes。

     His employers constitute the third order�察�that of those who

live by profit。 It is the stock that is employed for the sake of

profit which puts into motion the greater part of the useful

labour of every society。 The plans and projects of the employers

of stock regulate and direct all the most important operations of

labour�察�and profit is the end proposed by all those plans and

projects。 But the rate of profit does not�察�like rent and wages��

rise with the prosperity and fall with the declension of the

society。 On the contrary�察�it is naturally low in rich and high in

poor countries�察�and it is always highest in the countries which

are going fastest to ruin。 The interest of this third order��

therefore�察�has not the same connection with the general interest

of the society as that of the other two。 Merchants and master

manufacturers are�察�in this order�察�the two classes of people who

commonly employ the largest capitals�察�and who by their wealth

draw to themselves the greatest share of the public

consideration。 As during their whole lives they are engaged in

plans and projects�察�they have frequently more acuteness of

understanding than the greater part of country gentlemen。 As

their thoughts�察�however�察�are commonly exercised rather about the

interest of their own particular branch of business�察�than about

that of the society�察�their judgment�察�even when given with the

greatest candour ��which it has not been upon every occasion�� is

much more to be depended upon with regard to the former of those

two objects than with regard to the latter。 Their superiority

over the country gentleman is not so much in their knowledge of

the public interest�察�as in their having a better knowledge of

their own interest than he has of his。 It is by this superior

knowledge of their own interest that they have frequently imposed

upon his generosity�察�and persuaded him to give up both his own

interest and that of the public�察�from a very simple but honest

conviction that their interest�察�and not his�察�was the interest of

the public。 The interest of the dealers�察�however�察�in any

particular branch of trade or manufactures�察�is always in some

respects different from�察�and even opposite to�察�that of the

public。 To widen the market and to narrow the competition�察�is

always the interest of the dealers。 To widen the market may

frequently be agreeable enough to the interest of the public�察�but

to narrow the competition must always be against it�察�and can

serve only to enable the dealers�察�by raising their profits above

what they naturally would be�察�to levy�察�for their own benefit�察�an

absurd tax upon the rest of their fellow´citizens。 The proposal

of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this

order ought always to be listened to with great precaution�察�and

ought never to be adopted till after having been long and

carefully examined�察�not only with the most scrupulous�察�but with

the most suspicious attention。 It comes from an order of men

whose interest is never exactly the same with that of the public��

who have generally an interest to deceive and even to oppress the

public�察�and who accordingly have�察�upon many occasions�察�both

deceived and oppressed it。 



                TABLES REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER 11�察�PART 3 

            Price of the       Average of       The average Price

             Quarter of       the different       of each Year in

Years          Wheat            Prices of           Money of the

XII         each Year        the same Year         present Times



           L    s。    d。       L。    s。    d。       L。    s。   

d。

1202      ´   12     ´        ´     ´     ´        1    16     ´

1205      ´   12     ´        ´    13     5        2     ´     3

          ´   13     4

          ´   15     ´ 

1223      ´   12     ´        ´     ´     ´        1    16     ´

1237      ´    3     4        ´     ´     ´        ´    10     ´ 

1243      ´    2     ´        ´     ´     ´        ´     6     ´

1244      ´    2     ´        ´     ´     ´        ´     6     ´

1246      ´   16     ´        ´     ´     ´        2     8     ´

1247      ´   13     4        ´     ´     ´        2     ´     ´

1257      1    4     ´        ´     ´     ´        3    12     ´

1258      1    ´     ´        ´    17     ´        2    11     ´

          ´   15     ´

          ´   16     ´

1270      4   16     ´        5    12     ´       16    16     ´

          6    8     ´

1286      ´    2     8        ´     9     4        1     8     ´

          ´   16     ´

                                                  ´

                                         Total    L35     9     3

                                                  ´

                                 Average Price     L2    19     1

1/4  





            Price of the       Average of       The average Price

             Quarter of       the different       of each Year in

Years         Wheat            Prices of           Money of the

XII        each Year        the same Year         present Times 



           L    s。    d。       L。    s。    d。       L。    s。   

d。

1287      ´    3     4        ´     ´     ´        ´    10     ´ 

1288      ´    ´     8        ´     3     ´ 1/4    ´     9     ´

3/4

          ´    1     ´

          ´    1     4

          ´    1     6

          ´    1     8

    

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