wealbk01-及76嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
are the three great�察�original�察�and constituent orders of every
civilised society�察�from whose revenue that of every other order
is ultimately derived。
The interest of the first of those three great orders�察�it
appears from what has been just now said�察�is strictly and
inseparably connected with the general interest of the society。
Whatever either promotes or obstructs the one�察�necessarily
promotes or obstructs the other。 When the public deliberates
concerning any regulation of commerce or police�察�the proprietors
of land never can mislead it�察�with a view to promote the interest
of their own particular order�察�at least�察�if they have any
tolerable knowledge of that interest。 They are�察�indeed�察�too often
defective in this tolerable knowledge。 They are the only one of
the three orders whose revenue costs them neither labour nor
care�察�but comes to them�察�as it were�察�of its own accord�察�and
independent of any plan or project of their own。 That indolence��
which is the natural effect of the ease and security of their
situation�察�renders them too often�察�not only ignorant�察�but
incapable of that application of mind which is necessary in order
to foresee and understand the consequences of any public
regulation。
The interest of the second order�察�that of those who live by
wages�察�is as strictly connected with the interest of the society
as that of the first。 The wages of the labourer�察�it has already
been shown�察�are never so high as when the demand for labour is
continually rising�察�or when the quantity employed is every year
increasing considerably。 When this real wealth of the society
becomes stationary�察�his wages are soon reduced to what is barely
enough to enable him to bring up a family�察�or to continue the
race of labourers。 When the society declines�察�they fall even
below this。 The order of proprietors may�察�perhaps�察�gain more by
the prosperity of the society than that of labourers�此�but there
is no order that suffers so cruelly from its decline。 But though
the interest of the labourer is strictly connected with that of
the society�察�he is incapable either of comprehending that
interest or of understanding its connection with his own。 His
condition leaves him no time to receive the necessary
information�察�and his education and habits are commonly such as to
render him unfit to judge even though he was fully informed。 In
the public deliberations�察�therefore�察�his voice is little heard
and less regarded�察�except upon some particular occasions�察�when
his clamour is animated�察�set on and supported by his employers��
not for his�察�but their own particular purposes。
His employers constitute the third order�察�that of those who
live by profit。 It is the stock that is employed for the sake of
profit which puts into motion the greater part of the useful
labour of every society。 The plans and projects of the employers
of stock regulate and direct all the most important operations of
labour�察�and profit is the end proposed by all those plans and
projects。 But the rate of profit does not�察�like rent and wages��
rise with the prosperity and fall with the declension of the
society。 On the contrary�察�it is naturally low in rich and high in
poor countries�察�and it is always highest in the countries which
are going fastest to ruin。 The interest of this third order��
therefore�察�has not the same connection with the general interest
of the society as that of the other two。 Merchants and master
manufacturers are�察�in this order�察�the two classes of people who
commonly employ the largest capitals�察�and who by their wealth
draw to themselves the greatest share of the public
consideration。 As during their whole lives they are engaged in
plans and projects�察�they have frequently more acuteness of
understanding than the greater part of country gentlemen。 As
their thoughts�察�however�察�are commonly exercised rather about the
interest of their own particular branch of business�察�than about
that of the society�察�their judgment�察�even when given with the
greatest candour ��which it has not been upon every occasion�� is
much more to be depended upon with regard to the former of those
two objects than with regard to the latter。 Their superiority
over the country gentleman is not so much in their knowledge of
the public interest�察�as in their having a better knowledge of
their own interest than he has of his。 It is by this superior
knowledge of their own interest that they have frequently imposed
upon his generosity�察�and persuaded him to give up both his own
interest and that of the public�察�from a very simple but honest
conviction that their interest�察�and not his�察�was the interest of
the public。 The interest of the dealers�察�however�察�in any
particular branch of trade or manufactures�察�is always in some
respects different from�察�and even opposite to�察�that of the
public。 To widen the market and to narrow the competition�察�is
always the interest of the dealers。 To widen the market may
frequently be agreeable enough to the interest of the public�察�but
to narrow the competition must always be against it�察�and can
serve only to enable the dealers�察�by raising their profits above
what they naturally would be�察�to levy�察�for their own benefit�察�an
absurd tax upon the rest of their fellow´citizens。 The proposal
of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this
order ought always to be listened to with great precaution�察�and
ought never to be adopted till after having been long and
carefully examined�察�not only with the most scrupulous�察�but with
the most suspicious attention。 It comes from an order of men
whose interest is never exactly the same with that of the public��
who have generally an interest to deceive and even to oppress the
public�察�and who accordingly have�察�upon many occasions�察�both
deceived and oppressed it。
TABLES REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER 11�察�PART 3
Price of the Average of The average Price
Quarter of the different of each Year in
Years Wheat Prices of Money of the
XII each Year the same Year present Times
L s。 d。 L。 s。 d。 L。 s。
d。
1202 ´ 12 ´ ´ ´ ´ 1 16 ´
1205 ´ 12 ´ ´ 13 5 2 ´ 3
´ 13 4
´ 15 ´
1223 ´ 12 ´ ´ ´ ´ 1 16 ´
1237 ´ 3 4 ´ ´ ´ ´ 10 ´
1243 ´ 2 ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ 6 ´
1244 ´ 2 ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ 6 ´
1246 ´ 16 ´ ´ ´ ´ 2 8 ´
1247 ´ 13 4 ´ ´ ´ 2 ´ ´
1257 1 4 ´ ´ ´ ´ 3 12 ´
1258 1 ´ ´ ´ 17 ´ 2 11 ´
´ 15 ´
´ 16 ´
1270 4 16 ´ 5 12 ´ 16 16 ´
6 8 ´
1286 ´ 2 8 ´ 9 4 1 8 ´
´ 16 ´
´
Total L35 9 3
´
Average Price L2 19 1
1/4
Price of the Average of The average Price
Quarter of the different of each Year in
Years Wheat Prices of Money of the
XII each Year the same Year present Times
L s。 d。 L。 s。 d。 L。 s。
d。
1287 ´ 3 4 ´ ´ ´ ´ 10 ´
1288 ´ ´ 8 ´ 3 ´ 1/4 ´ 9 ´
3/4
´ 1 ´
´ 1 4
´ 1 6
´ 1 8