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by Plato
translated by Benjamin Jowett
ION
PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE�此�SOCRATES�察�ION
Socrates。 Welcome�察�Ion。 Are you from your native city of Ephesus��
Ion。 No�察�Socrates�察�but from Epidaurus�察�where I attended the festival
of Asclepius。
Soc。 And do the Epidaurians have contests of rhapsodes at the
festival��
Ion。 O yes�察�and of all sorts of musical performers。
Soc。 And were you one of the competitors´ and did you succeed��
Ion。 I obtained the first prize of all�察�Socrates。
Soc。 Well done�察�and I hope that you will do the same for us at the
Panathenaea。
Ion。 And I will�察�please heaven。
Soc。 I often envy the profession of a rhapsode�察�Ion�察�for you have
always to wear fine clothes�察�and to look as beautiful as you can is
a part of your art。 Then�察�again�察�you are obliged to be continually
in the company of many good poets�察�and especially of Homer�察�who is the
best and most divine of them�察�and to understand him�察�and not merely
learn his words by rote�察�is a thing greatly to be envied。 And no man
can be a rhapsode who does not understand the meaning of the poet。 For
the rhapsode ought to interpret the mind of the poet to his hearers��
but how can he interpret him well unless he knows what he means�拭�All
this is greatly to be envied。
Ion。 Very true�察�Socrates�察�interpretation has certainly been the most
laborious part of my art�察�and I believe myself able to speak about
Homer better than any man�察�and that neither Metrodorus of Lampsacus��
nor Stesimbrotus of Thasos�察�nor Glaucon�察�nor any one else who ever
was�察�had as good ideas about Homer as I have�察�or as many。
Soc。 I am glad to hear you say so�察�Ion�察�I see that you will not
refuse to acquaint me with them。
Ion。 Certainly�察�Socrates�察�and you really ought to hear how
exquisitely I render Homer。 I think that the Homeridae should give
me a golden crown。
Soc。 I shall take an opportunity of hearing your embellishments of
him at some other time。 But just now I should like to ask you a
question�此�Does your art extend to Hesiod and Archilochus�察�or to
Homer only��
Ion。 To Homer only�察�he is in himself quite enough。
Soc。 Are there any things about which Homer and Hesiod agree��
Ion。 Yes�察�in my opinion there are a good many。
Soc。 And can you interpret better what Homer says�察�or what Hesiod
says�察�about these matters in which they agree��
Ion。 I can interpret them equally well�察�Socrates�察�where they agree。
Soc。 But what about matters in which they do not agree�拭� for
example�察�about divination�察�of which both Homer and Hesiod have
something to say´
Ion。 Very true��
Soc。 Would you or a good prophet be a better interpreter of what
these two poets say about divination�察�not only when they agree�察�but
when they disagree��
Ion。 A prophet。
Soc。 And if you were a prophet�察�would you be able to interpret
them when they disagree as well as when they agree��
Ion。 Clearly。
Soc。 But how did you come to have this skill about Homer only�察�and
not about Hesiod or the other poets�拭�Does not Homer speak of the
same themes which all other poets handle�拭�Is not war his great
argument�拭�and does he not speak of human society and of intercourse of
men�察�good and bad�察�skilled and unskilled�察�and of the gods conversing
with one another and with mankind�察�and about what happens in heaven
and in the world below�察�and the generations of gods and heroes�拭�Are
not these the themes of which Homer sings��
Ion。 Very true�察�Socrates。
Soc。 And do not the other poets sing of the same��
Ion。 Yes�察�Socrates�察�but not in the same way as Homer。
Soc。 What�察�in a worse way��
Ion。 Yes�察�in a far worse。
Soc。 And Homer in a better way��
Ion。 He is incomparably better。
Soc。 And yet surely�察�my dear friend Ion�察�in a discussion about
arithmetic�察�where many people are speaking�察�and one speaks better than
the rest�察�there is somebody who can judge which of them is the good
speaker��
Ion。 Yes。
Soc。 And he who judges of the good will be the same as he who judges
of the bad speakers��
Ion。 The same。
Soc。 And he will be the arithmetician��
Ion。 Yes。
Soc。 Well�察�and in discussions about the wholesomeness of food��
when many persons are speaking�察�and one speaks better than the rest��
will he who recognizes the better speaker be a different person from
him who recognizes the worse�察�or the same��
Ion。 Clearly the same。
Soc。 And who is he�察�and what is his name��
Ion。 The physician。
Soc。 And speaking generally�察�in all discussions in which the subject
is the same and many men are speaking�察�will not he who knows the
good know the bad speaker also�拭�For if he does not know the bad��
neither will he know the good when the same topic is being discussed。
Ion。 True。
Soc。 Is not the same person skilful in both��
Ion。 Yes。
Soc。 And you say that Homer and the other poets�察�such as Hesiod
and Archilochus�察�speak of the same things�察�although not in the same
way�察�but the one speaks well and the other not so well��
Ion。 Yes�察�and I am right in saying so。
Soc。 And if you knew the good speaker�察�you would also know the
inferior speakers to be inferior��
Ion。 That is true。
Soc。 Then�察�my dear friend�察�can I be mistaken in saying that Ion is
equally skilled in Homer and in other poets�察�since he himself
acknowledges that the same person will be a good judge of all those
who speak of the same things�察�and that almost all poets do speak of
the same things��
Ion。 Why then�察�Socrates�察�do I lose attention and go to sleep and
have absolutely no ideas of the least value�察�when any one speaks of
any other poet�察�but when Homer is mentioned�察�I wake up at once and
am all attention and have plenty to say��
Soc。 The reason�察�my friend�察�is obvious。 No one can fail to see
that you speak of Homer without any art or knowledge。 If you were able
to speak of him by rules of art�察�you would have been able to speak
of all other poets�察�for poetry is a whole。
Ion。 Yes。
Soc。 And when any one acquires any other art as a whole�察�the same
may be said of them。 Would you like me to explain my meaning�察�Ion��
Ion。 Yes�察�indeed�察�Socrates�察�I very much wish that you would�此�for I
love to hear you wise men talk。
Soc。 O that we were wise�察�Ion�察�and that you could truly call us
so�察�but you rhapsodes and actors�察�and the poets whose verses you sing��
are wise�察�whereas I am a common man�察�who only speak the truth。 For
consider what a very commonplace and trivial thing is this which I
have said´ a thing which any man might say�此�that when a man has
acquired a knowledge of a whole art�察�the enquiry into good and bad
is one and the same。 Let us consider this matter�察�is not the art of
painting a whole��
Ion。 Yes。
Soc。 And there are and have been many painters good and bad��
Ion。 Yes。
Soc。 And did you ever know any one who was skilful in pointing out
the excellences and defects of Polygnotus the son of Aglaophon�察�but
incapable of criticizing other painters�察�and when the work of any
other painter was produced�察�went to sleep and was at a loss�察�and had
no ideas�察�but when he had to give his opinion about Polygnotus�察�or
whoever the painter might be�察�and about him only�察�woke up and was
attentive and had plenty to say��
Ion。 No indeed�察�I have never known such a person。
Soc。 Or did you ever know of any one in sculpture�察�who was skilful
in expounding the merits of Daedalus the son of Metion�察�or of Epeius
the son of Panopeus�察�or of Theodorus the Samian�察�or of any
individual sculptor�察�but when the works of sculptors in general were
produced�察�was at a loss and went to sleep and had nothing to say��
Ion。 No indeed�察�no more than the other。
Soc。 And if I am not mistaken�察�you never met with any one among
flute´players or harp´ players or singers to the harp or rhapsodes who
was able to discourse of Olympus or Thamyras or Orpheus�察�or Phemius
the rhapsode of Ithaca�察�