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                                      ION


                                    by Plato


                         translated by Benjamin Jowett


ION


  PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE�此�SOCRATES�察�ION





  Socrates。 Welcome�察�Ion。 Are you from your native city of Ephesus��


  Ion。 No�察�Socrates�察�but from Epidaurus�察�where I attended the festival


of Asclepius。


  Soc。 And do the Epidaurians have contests of rhapsodes at the


festival��


  Ion。 O yes�察�and of all sorts of musical performers。


  Soc。 And were you one of the competitors´ and did you succeed��


  Ion。 I obtained the first prize of all�察�Socrates。


  Soc。 Well done�察�and I hope that you will do the same for us at the


Panathenaea。


  Ion。 And I will�察�please heaven。


  Soc。 I often envy the profession of a rhapsode�察�Ion�察�for you have


always to wear fine clothes�察�and to look as beautiful as you can is


a part of your art。 Then�察�again�察�you are obliged to be continually


in the company of many good poets�察�and especially of Homer�察�who is the


best and most divine of them�察�and to understand him�察�and not merely


learn his words by rote�察�is a thing greatly to be envied。 And no man


can be a rhapsode who does not understand the meaning of the poet。 For


the rhapsode ought to interpret the mind of the poet to his hearers��


but how can he interpret him well unless he knows what he means�拭�All


this is greatly to be envied。


  Ion。 Very true�察�Socrates�察�interpretation has certainly been the most


laborious part of my art�察�and I believe myself able to speak about


Homer better than any man�察�and that neither Metrodorus of Lampsacus��


nor Stesimbrotus of Thasos�察�nor Glaucon�察�nor any one else who ever


was�察�had as good ideas about Homer as I have�察�or as many。


  Soc。 I am glad to hear you say so�察�Ion�察�I see that you will not


refuse to acquaint me with them。


  Ion。 Certainly�察�Socrates�察�and you really ought to hear how


exquisitely I render Homer。 I think that the Homeridae should give


me a golden crown。


  Soc。 I shall take an opportunity of hearing your embellishments of


him at some other time。 But just now I should like to ask you a


question�此�Does your art extend to Hesiod and Archilochus�察�or to


Homer only��


  Ion。 To Homer only�察�he is in himself quite enough。


  Soc。 Are there any things about which Homer and Hesiod agree��


  Ion。 Yes�察�in my opinion there are a good many。


  Soc。 And can you interpret better what Homer says�察�or what Hesiod


says�察�about these matters in which they agree��


  Ion。 I can interpret them equally well�察�Socrates�察�where they agree。


  Soc。 But what about matters in which they do not agree�拭� for


example�察�about divination�察�of which both Homer and Hesiod have


something to say´


  Ion。 Very true��


  Soc。 Would you or a good prophet be a better interpreter of what


these two poets say about divination�察�not only when they agree�察�but


when they disagree��


  Ion。 A prophet。


  Soc。 And if you were a prophet�察�would you be able to interpret


them when they disagree as well as when they agree��


  Ion。 Clearly。


  Soc。 But how did you come to have this skill about Homer only�察�and


not about Hesiod or the other poets�拭�Does not Homer speak of the


same themes which all other poets handle�拭�Is not war his great


argument�拭�and does he not speak of human society and of intercourse of


men�察�good and bad�察�skilled and unskilled�察�and of the gods conversing


with one another and with mankind�察�and about what happens in heaven


and in the world below�察�and the generations of gods and heroes�拭�Are


not these the themes of which Homer sings��


  Ion。 Very true�察�Socrates。


  Soc。 And do not the other poets sing of the same��


  Ion。 Yes�察�Socrates�察�but not in the same way as Homer。


  Soc。 What�察�in a worse way��


  Ion。 Yes�察�in a far worse。


  Soc。 And Homer in a better way��


  Ion。 He is incomparably better。


  Soc。 And yet surely�察�my dear friend Ion�察�in a discussion about


arithmetic�察�where many people are speaking�察�and one speaks better than


the rest�察�there is somebody who can judge which of them is the good


speaker��


  Ion。 Yes。


  Soc。 And he who judges of the good will be the same as he who judges


of the bad speakers��


  Ion。 The same。


  Soc。 And he will be the arithmetician��


  Ion。 Yes。


  Soc。 Well�察�and in discussions about the wholesomeness of food��


when many persons are speaking�察�and one speaks better than the rest��


will he who recognizes the better speaker be a different person from


him who recognizes the worse�察�or the same��


  Ion。 Clearly the same。


  Soc。 And who is he�察�and what is his name��


  Ion。 The physician。


  Soc。 And speaking generally�察�in all discussions in which the subject


is the same and many men are speaking�察�will not he who knows the


good know the bad speaker also�拭�For if he does not know the bad��


neither will he know the good when the same topic is being discussed。


  Ion。 True。


  Soc。 Is not the same person skilful in both��


  Ion。 Yes。


  Soc。 And you say that Homer and the other poets�察�such as Hesiod


and Archilochus�察�speak of the same things�察�although not in the same


way�察�but the one speaks well and the other not so well��


  Ion。 Yes�察�and I am right in saying so。


  Soc。 And if you knew the good speaker�察�you would also know the


inferior speakers to be inferior��


  Ion。 That is true。


  Soc。 Then�察�my dear friend�察�can I be mistaken in saying that Ion is


equally skilled in Homer and in other poets�察�since he himself


acknowledges that the same person will be a good judge of all those


who speak of the same things�察�and that almost all poets do speak of


the same things��


  Ion。 Why then�察�Socrates�察�do I lose attention and go to sleep and


have absolutely no ideas of the least value�察�when any one speaks of


any other poet�察�but when Homer is mentioned�察�I wake up at once and


am all attention and have plenty to say��


  Soc。 The reason�察�my friend�察�is obvious。 No one can fail to see


that you speak of Homer without any art or knowledge。 If you were able


to speak of him by rules of art�察�you would have been able to speak


of all other poets�察�for poetry is a whole。


  Ion。 Yes。


  Soc。 And when any one acquires any other art as a whole�察�the same


may be said of them。 Would you like me to explain my meaning�察�Ion��


  Ion。 Yes�察�indeed�察�Socrates�察�I very much wish that you would�此�for I


love to hear you wise men talk。


  Soc。 O that we were wise�察�Ion�察�and that you could truly call us


so�察�but you rhapsodes and actors�察�and the poets whose verses you sing��


are wise�察�whereas I am a common man�察�who only speak the truth。 For


consider what a very commonplace and trivial thing is this which I


have said´ a thing which any man might say�此�that when a man has


acquired a knowledge of a whole art�察�the enquiry into good and bad


is one and the same。 Let us consider this matter�察�is not the art of


painting a whole��


  Ion。 Yes。


  Soc。 And there are and have been many painters good and bad��


  Ion。 Yes。


  Soc。 And did you ever know any one who was skilful in pointing out


the excellences and defects of Polygnotus the son of Aglaophon�察�but


incapable of criticizing other painters�察�and when the work of any


other painter was produced�察�went to sleep and was at a loss�察�and had


no ideas�察�but when he had to give his opinion about Polygnotus�察�or


whoever the painter might be�察�and about him only�察�woke up and was


attentive and had plenty to say��


  Ion。 No indeed�察�I have never known such a person。


  Soc。 Or did you ever know of any one in sculpture�察�who was skilful


in expounding the merits of Daedalus the son of Metion�察�or of Epeius


the son of Panopeus�察�or of Theodorus the Samian�察�or of any


individual sculptor�察�but when the works of sculptors in general were


produced�察�was at a loss and went to sleep and had nothing to say��


  Ion。 No indeed�察�no more than the other。


  Soc。 And if I am not mistaken�察�you never met with any one among


flute´players or harp´ players or singers to the harp or rhapsodes who


was able to discourse of Olympus or Thamyras or Orpheus�察�or Phemius


the rhapsode of Ithaca�察�

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