the crowd-第2章

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CHAPTER　I　GENERAL　CHARACTERISTICS　OF　CROWDS　PSYCHOLOGICAL　LAW　OF　THEIR　MENTAL　UNITY

CHAPTER　II　THE　SENTIMENTS　AND　MORALITY　OF　CROWDS


CHAPTER　III　THE　IDEAS；　REASONING　POWER；　AND　IMAGINATION　OF　CROWDS


CHAPTER　IV　A　RELIGIOUS　SHAPE　ASSUMED　BY　ALL　THE　CONVICTIONS　OF　CROWDS



BOOK　II　THE　OPINIONS　AND　BELIEFS　OF　CROWDS


CHAPTER　I　REMOTE　FACTORS　OF　THE　OPINIONS　AND　BELIEFS　OF　CROWDS


CHAPTER　II　THE　IMMEDIATE　FACTORS　OF　THE　OPINIONS　OF　CROWDS


CHAPTER　III　THE　LEADERS　OF　CROWDS　AND　THEIR　MEANS　OF　PERSUASION


CHAPTER　IV　LIMITATIONS　OF　THE　VARIABILITY　OF　THE　BELIEFS　AND　OPINIONS　OF　CROWDS



BOOK　III　THE　CLASSIFICATION　AND　DESCRIPTION　OF　THE　DIFFERENT　KINDS　OF　CROWDS


CHAPTER　I　THE　CLASSIFICATION　OF　CROWDS


CHAPTER　II　CROWDS　TERMED　CRIMINAL　CROWDS


CHAPTER　III　CRIMINAL　JURIES


CHAPTER　IV　ELECTORAL　CROWDS


CHAPTER　V　PARLIAMENTARY　ASSEMBLIES



INTRODUCTION。　THE　ERA　OF　CROWDS。

The　evolution　of　the　present　ageThe　great　changes　in　civilisation　are　the　consequence　of　changes　in　National　thoughtModern　belief　in　the　power　of　crowdsIt　transforms　the　traditional　policy　of　the　European　statesHow　the　rise　of　the　popular　classes　comes　about；　and　the　manner　in　which　they　exercise　their　powerThe　necessary　consequences　of　the　power　of　the　crowdCrowds　unable　to　play　a　part　other　than　destructiveThe　dissolution　of　worn…out　civilisations　is　the　work　of　the　crowdGeneral　ignorance　of　the　psychology　of　crowds　Importance　of　the　study　of　crowds　for　legislators　and　statesmen。


The　great　upheavals　which　precede　changes　of　civilisations　such　as　the　fall　of　the　Roman　Empire　and　the　foundation　of　the　Arabian　Empire；　seem　at　first　sight　determined　more　especially　by　political　transformations；　foreign　invasion；　or　the　overthrow　of　dynasties。　　But　a　more　attentive　study　of　these　events　shows　that　behind　their　apparent　causes　the　real　cause　is　generally　seen　to　be　a　profound　modification　in　the　ideas　of　the　peoples。　　The　true　historical　upheavals　are　not　those　which　astonish　us　by　their　grandeur　and　violence。　　The　only　important　changes　whence　the　renewal　of　civilisations　results；　affect　ideas；　conceptions；　and　beliefs。　　The　memorable　events　of　history　are　the　visible　effects　of　the　invisible　changes　of　human　thought。　　The　reason　these　great　events　are　so　rare　is　that　there　is　nothing　so　stable　in　a　race　as　the　inherited　groundwork　of　its　thoughts。

The　present　epoch　is　one　of　these　critical　moments　in　which　the　thought　of　mankind　is　undergoing　a　process　of　transformation。

Two　fundamental　factors　are　at　the　base　of　this　transformation。　The　first　is　the　destruction　of　those　religious；　political；　and　social　beliefs　in　which　all　the　elements　of　our　civilisation　are　rooted。　　The　second　is　the　creation　of　entirely　new　conditions　of　existence　and　thought　as　the　result　of　modern　scientific　and　industrial　discoveries。

The　ideas　of　the　past；　although　half　destroyed；　being　still　very　powerful；　and　the　ideas　which　are　to　replace　them　being　still　in　process　of　formation；　the　modern　age　represents　a　period　of　transition　and　anarchy。

It　is　not　easy　to　say　as　yet　what　will　one　day　be　evolved　from　this　necessarily　somewhat　chaotic　period。　　What　will　be　the　fundamental　ideas　on　which　the　societies　that　are　to　succeed　our　own　will　be　built　up？　　We　do　not　at　present　know。　　Still　it　is　already　clear　that　on　whatever　lines　the　societies　of　the　future　are　organised；　they　will　have　to　count　with　a　new　power；　with　the　last　surviving　sovereign　force　of　modern　times；　the　power　of　crowds。　　On　the　ruins　of　so　many　ideas　formerly　considered　beyond　discussion；　and　to…day　decayed　or　decaying；　of　so　many　sources　of　authority　that　successive　revolutions　have　destroyed；　this　power；　which　alone　has　arisen　in　their　stead；　seems　soon　destined　to　absorb　the　others。　　While　all　our　ancient　beliefs　are　tottering　and　disappearing；　while　the　old　pillars　of　society　are　giving　way　one　by　one；　the　power　of　the　crowd　is　the　only　force　that　nothing　menaces；　and　of　which　the　prestige　is　continually　on　the　increase。　　The　age　we　are　about　to　enter　will　in　truth　be　the　ERA　OF　CROWDS。

Scarcely　a　century　ago　the　traditional　policy　of　European　states　and　the　rivalries　of　sovereigns　were　the　principal　factors　that　shaped　events。　　The　opinion　of　the　masses　scarcely　counted；　and　most　frequently　indeed　did　not　count　at　all。　　To…day　it　is　the　traditions　which　used　to　obtain　in　politics；　and　the　individual　tendencies　and　rivalries　of　rulers　which　do　not　count；　while；　on　the　contrary；　the　voice　of　the　masses　has　become　preponderant。　It　is　this　voice　that　dictates　their　conduct　to　kings；　whose　endeavour　is　to　take　note　of　its　utterances。　　The　destinies　of　nations　are　elaborated　at　present　in　the　heart　of　the　masses；　and　no　longer　in　the　councils　of　princes。

The　entry　of　the　popular　classes　into　political　lifethat　is　to　say；　in　reality；　their　progressive　transformation　into　governing　classesis　one　of　the　most　striking　characteristics　of　our　epoch　of　transition。　　The　introduction　of　universal　suffrage；　which　exercised　for　a　long　time　but　little　influence；　is　not；　as　might　be　thought；　the　distinguishing　feature　of　this　transference　of　political　power。　　The　progressive　growth　of　the　power　of　the　masses　took　place　at　first　by　the　propagation　of　certain　ideas；　which　have　slowly　implanted　themselves　in　men's　minds；　and　afterwards　by　the　gradual　association　of　individuals　bent　on　bringing　about　the　realisation　of　theoretical　conceptions。　　It　is　by　association　that　crowds　have　come　to　procure　ideas　with　respect　to　their　interests　which　are　very　clearly　defined　if　not　particularly　just；　and　have　arrived　at　a　consciousness　of　their　strength。　　The　masses　are　founding　syndicates　before　which　the　authorities　capitulate　one　after　the　other；　they　are　also　founding　labour　unions；　which　in　spite　of　all　economic　laws　tend　to　regulate　the　conditions　of　labour　and　wages。　　They　return　to　assemblies　in　which　the　Government　is　vested；　representatives　utterly　lacking　initiative　and　independence；　and　reduced　most　often　to　nothing　else　than　the　spokesmen　of　the　committees　that　have　chosen　them。

To…day　the　claims　of　the　masses　are　becoming　more　and　more　sharply　defined；　and　amount　to　nothing　less　than　a　determination　to　utterly　destroy　society　as　it　now　exists；　with　a　view　to　making　it　hark　back　to　that　primitive　communism　which　was　the　normal　condition　of　all　human　groups　before　the　dawn　of　civilisation。　　Limitations　of　the　hours　of　labour；　the　nationalisation　of　mines；　railways；　factories；　and　the　soil；　the　equal　distribution　of　all　products；　the　elimination　of　all　the　upper　classes　for　the　benefit　of　the　popular　classes；　&c。；　such　are　these　claims。

Little　adapted　to　reasoning；　crowds；　on　the　contrary；　are　quick　to　act。　　As　the　result　of　their　present　organisation　their　strength　has　become　immense。　　The　dogmas　whose　birth　we　are　witnessing　will　soon　have　the　force　of　the　old　dogmas；　that　is　to　say；　the　tyrannical　and　sovereign　force　of　being　above　discussion。　　The　divine　right　of　the　masses　is　about　to　replace　the　divine　right　of　kings。

The　writers　who　enjoy　the　favour　of　our　middle　classes；　those　who　best　represent　their　rather　narrow　ideas；　their　somewhat　prescribed　views；　their　rather　superficial　scepticism；　and　their　at　times　somewhat　excessive　egoism；　display　profound　alarm　at　this　new　power　which　they　see　growing；　and　to　combat　the　disorder　in　men's　minds　they　are　addressing　despairing　appeals　to　those　moral　forces　of　the　Church　for　which　they　formerly　professed　so　much　disdain。　　They　talk　to　us　of　the　bankruptcy　of　science；　go　back　in　penitence　to　Rome；　and　remind　us　of　the　teachings　of　revealed　truth。　　These　new　converts　forget　that　it　is　too　late。　Had　they　been　really　touched　by　grace；　a　like　operation　could　not　have　the　same　influence　on　minds　less　concerned　with　the　preoccupations　which　beset　these　recent　adherents　to　religion。　The　masses　repudiate　to…day　the　gods　which　their　admonishers　repudiated　yesterday　and　helped　to　destroy。　　There　is　no　power；　Divine　or　human；　that　can　oblige　a　stream　to　flow　back　to　its　source。

There　has　been　no　bankruptcy　of　science；　and　science　has　had　no　share　in　the　present　intellectual　anarchy；　nor　in　the　making　of　the　new　p