record of buddhistic kingdoms-第17章
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l； but Brahmans or of some other false doctrine； as Fa…hien deemed it。 The Chinese term means 〃outside〃 or 〃foreign；〃in Pali； anna…titthiya；=〃those belonging to another school。〃
＇16＇ These three predecessors of Sakyamuni were the three Buddhas of the present or Maha…bhadra Kalpa； of which he was the fourth； and Maitreya is to be the fifth and last。 They were： （1） Krakuchanda （Pali； Kakusanda）； 〃he who readily solves all doubts；〃 a scion of the Kasyapa family。 Human life reached in his time 40；000 years； and so many persons were converted by him。 （2） Kanakamuni （Pali； Konagamana）； 〃body radiant with the colour of pure gold；〃 of the same family。 Human life reached in his time 30；000 years； and so many persons were converted by him。 （3） Kasyapa （Pali； Kassapa）； 〃swallower of light。〃 Human life reached in his time 20；000 years； and so many persons were converted by him。 See Eitel； under the several names； Hardy's M。 B。； pp。 95…97； and Davids' 〃Buddhist Birth Stories；〃 p。 51。
＇17＇ That is； walked in meditation。 Such places are called Chankramana （Pali； Chankama）； promenades or corridors connected with a monastery； made sometimes with costly stones； for the purpose of peripatetic meditation。 The 〃sitting〃 would be not because of weariness or for rest； but for meditation。 E。 H。； p。 144。
＇18＇ The character in my Corean copy is ｛。｝； which must be a mistake for the ｛。｝ of the Chinese editions。 Otherwise； the meaning would be 〃a small medusa。〃
＇19＇ The reading here seems to me a great improvement on that of the Chinese editions； which means 〃Fire Limit。〃 Buddha； it is said； ｛。｝ converted this demon； which Chinese character Beal rendered at first by 〃in one of his incarnations；〃 and in his revised version he has 〃himself。〃 The difference between Fa…hien's usage of ｛。｝ and ｛。｝ throughout his narrative is quite marked。 ｛。｝ always refers to the doings of Sakyamuni； ｛。｝； 〃formerly；〃 is often used of him and others in the sense of 〃in a former age or birth。〃
＇20＇ See Hardy； M。 B。； p。 194：〃As a token of the giving over of the garden； the king poured water upon the hands of Buddha； and from this time it became one of the principal residences of the sage。〃
＇21＇ This would seem to be absurd； but the writer evidently intended to convey the idea that there was something mysterious about the number of the topes。
＇22＇ This seems to be the meaning。 The bodies of the monks are all burned。 Hardy's E。 M。； pp。 322…324。
CHAPTER XVIII
KANYAKUBJA； OR CANOUGE。 BUDDHA'S PREACHING。
Fa…hien stayed at the Dragon vihara till after the summer retreat；＇1＇ and then； travelling to the south…east for seven yojanas； he arrived at the city of Kanyakubja；＇2＇ lying along the Ganges。＇3＇ There are two monasteries in it； the inmates of which are students of the hinayana。 At a distance from the city of six or seven le； on the west； on the northern bank of the Ganges； is a place where Buddha preached the Law to his disciples。 It has been handed down that his subjects of discourse were such as 〃The bitterness and vanity （of life） as impermanent and uncertain；〃 and that 〃The body is as a bubble or foam on the water。〃 At this spot a tope was erected； and still exists。
Having crossed the Ganges； and gone south for three yojanas； （the travellers） arrived at a village named A…le；＇4＇ containing places where Buddha preached the Law； where he sat； and where he walked； at all of which topes have been built。
NOTES
＇1＇ We are now； probably； in 405。
＇2＇ Canouge； the latitude and longitude of which have been given in a previous note。 The Sanskrit name means 〃the city of humpbacked maidens；〃 with reference to the legend of the hundred daughters of king Brahma…datta； who were made deformed by the curse of the rishi Maha…vriksha； whose overtures they had refused。 E。 H。； p。 51。
＇3＇ Ganga； explained by 〃Blessed water；〃 and 〃Come from heaven to earth。〃
＇4＇ This village （the Chinese editions read 〃forest〃） has hardly been clearly identified。
CHAPTER XIX
SHA…CHE。 LEGEND OF BUDDHA'S DANTA…KASHTHA。
Going on from this to the south…east for three yojanas； they came to the great kingdom of Sha…che。＇1＇ As you go out of the city of Sha…che by the southern gate； on the east of the road （is the place） where Buddha； after he had chewed his willow branch；＇2＇ stuck it in the ground； when it forthwith grew up seven cubits； （at which height it remained） neither increasing nor diminishing。 The Brahmans with their contrary doctrines＇3＇ became angry and jealous。 Sometimes they cut the tree down； sometimes they plucked it up； and cast it to a distance； but it grew again on the same spot as at first。 Here also is the place where the four Buddhas walked and sat； and at which a tope was built that is still existing。
NOTES
＇1＇ Sha…che should probably be Sha…khe； making Cunningham's identification of the name with the present Saket still more likely。 The change of ｛。｝ into ｛。｝ is slight； and； indeed； the Khang…hsi dictionary thinks the two characters should be but one and the same。
＇2＇ This was； no doubt； what was called the danta…kashtha； or 〃dental wood；〃 mostly a bit of the /ficus Indicus/ or banyan tree； which the monk chews every morning to cleanse his teeth； and for the purpose of health generally。 The Chinese； not having the banyan； have used； or at least Fa…hien used； Yang （｛。｝； the general name for the willow） instead of it。
＇3＇ Are two classes of opponents； or only one； intended here； so that we should read 〃all the unbelievers and Brahmans；〃 or 〃heretics and Brahmans？〃 I think the Brahmans were also 〃the unbelievers〃 and 〃heretics；〃 having ｛。｝ ｛。｝； views and ways outside of； and opposed to； Buddha's。
CHAPTER XX
KOSALA AND SRAVASTI。 THE JETAVANA VIHARA AND OTHER MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS OF BUDDHA。 SYMPATHY OF THE MONKS WITH THE PILGRIMS。
Going on from this to the south； for eight yojanas； （the travellers） came to the city of Sravasti＇1＇ in the kingdom of Kosala；＇2＇ in which the inhabitants were few and far between； amounting in all （only） to a few more than two hundred families； the city where king Prasenajit＇3＇ ruled； and the place of the old vihara of Maha…prajapti；＇4＇ of the well and walls of （the house of） the （Vaisya） head Sudatta；＇5＇ and where the Angulimalya＇6＇ became an Arhat； and his body was （afterwards） burned on his attaining to pari…nirvana。 At all these places topes were subsequently erected； which are still existing in the city。 The Brahmans； with their contrary doctrine； became full of hatred and envy in their hearts； and wished to destroy them； but there came from the heavens such a storm of crashing thunder and flashing lightning that they were not able in the end to effect their purpose。
As you go out from the city by the south gate； and 1；200 paces from it； the （Vaisya） head Sudatta built a vihara； facing the south； and when the door was open； on each side of it there was a stone pillar； with the figure of a wheel on the top of that on the left； and the figure of an ox on the top of that on the right。 On the left and right of the building the ponds of water clear and pure； the thickets of trees always luxuriant； and the numerous flowers of various hues； constituted a lovely scene； the whole forming what is called the Jetavana vihara。＇7＇
When Buddha went up to the Trayastrimsas heaven；＇8＇ and preached the Law for the benefit of his mother； （after he had been absent for） ninety days； Prasenajit； longing to see him； caused an image of him to be carved in Gosirsha Chandana wood；＇9＇ and put in the place where he usually sat。 When Buddha on his return entered the vihara； Buddha said to it； 〃Return to your seat。 After I have attained to pari…nirvana； you will serve as a pattern to the four classes of my disciples；〃＇10＇ and on this the image returned to its seat。 This was the very first of all the images （of Buddha）； and that which men subsequently copied。 Buddha then removed； and dwelt in a small vihara on the south side （of the other）； a different place from that containing the image； and twenty paces distant from it。
The Jetavana vihara was originally of seven storeys。 The kings and people of the countries around vied with one another in their offerings； hanging up about it silken streamers and canopies； scatt
