record of buddhistic kingdoms-第4章

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Among　〃the　strange　principles〃　which　the　emperor　of　the　K'ang…hsi　period；　in　one　of　his　famous　Sixteen　Precepts；　exhorted　his　people　to　〃discountenance　and　put　away；　in　order　to　exalt　the　correct　doctrine；〃　Buddhism　and　Taoism　were　both　included。　If；　as　stated　in　the　note　quoted　from　Professor　Muller；　the　emperor　countenances　both　the　Taoist　worship　and　the　Buddhist；　he　does　so　for　reasons　of　state；to　please　especially　his　Buddhist　subjects　in　Thibet　and　Mongolia；　and　not　to　offend　the　many　whose　superstitious　fancies　incline　to　Taoism。

When　I　went　out　and　in　as　a　missionary　among　the　Chinese　people　for　about　thirty　years；　it　sometimes　occurred　to　me　that　only　the　inmates　of　their　monasteries　and　the　recluses　of　both　systems　should　be　enumerated　as　Buddhists　and　Taoists；　but　I　was　in　the　end　constrained　to　widen　that　judgment；　and　to　admit　a　considerable　following　of　both　among　the　people；　who　have　neither　received　the　tonsure　nor　assumed　the　yellow　top。　Dr。　Eitel；　in　concluding　his　discussion　of　this　point　in　his　〃Lecture　on　Buddhism；　an　Event　in　History；〃　says：　〃It　is　not　too　much　to　say　that　most　Chinese　are　theoretically　Confucianists；　but　emotionally　Buddhists　or　Taoists。　But　fairness　requires　us　to　add　that；　though　the　mass　of　the　people　are　more　or　less　influenced　by　Buddhist　doctrines；　yet　the　people；　as　a　whole；　have　no　respect　for　the　Buddhist　church；　and　habitually　sneer　at　Buddhist　priests。〃　For　the　〃most〃　in　the　former　of　these　two　sentences　I　would　substitute　〃nearly　all；〃　and　between　my　friend's　〃but〃　and　〃emotionally〃　I　would　introduce　〃many　are；〃　and　would　not　care　to　contest　his　conclusion　farther。　It　does　seem　to　me　preposterous　to　credit　Buddhism　with　the　whole　of　the　vast　population　of　China；　the　great　majority　of　whom　are　Confucianists。　My　own　opinion　is；　that　its　adherents　are　not　so　many　as　those　even　of　Mohammedanism；　and　that　instead　of　being　the　most　numerous　of　the　religions　（so　called）　of　the　world；　it　is　only　entitled　to　occupy　the　fifth　place；　ranking　below　Christianity；　Confucianism；　Brahmanism；　and　Mohammedanism；　and　followed；　some　distance　off；　by　Taoism。　To　make　a　table　of　per…centages　of　mankind；　and　assign　to　each　system　its　proportion；　is　to　seem　to　be　wise　where　we　are　deplorably　ignorant；　and；　moreover；　if　our　means　of　information　were　much　better　than　they　are；　our　figures　would　merely　show　the　outward　adherence。　A　fractional　per…centage　might　tell　more　for　one　system　than　a　very　large　integral　one　for　another。





THE

TRAVELS　OF　FA…HIEN

or

RECORD　OF　BUDDHISTIC　KINGDOMS



CHAPTER　I

FROM　CH'ANG…GAN　TO　THE　SANDY　DESERT

Fa…hien　had　been　living　in　Ch'ang…gan。＇1＇　Deploring　the　mutilated　and　imperfect　state　of　the　collection　of　the　Books　of　Discipline；　in　the　second　year　of　the　period　Hwang…che；　being　the　Ke…hae　year　of　the　cycle；＇2＇　he　entered　into　an　engagement　with　Kwuy…king；　Tao…ching；　Hwuy…ying；　and　Hwuy…wei；＇3＇　that　they　should　go　to　India　and　seek　for　the　Disciplinary　Rules。＇4＇

After　starting　from　Ch'ang…gan；　they　passed　through　Lung；＇5＇　and　came　to　the　kingdom　of　K'een…kwei；＇6＇　where　they　stopped　for　the　summer　retreat。＇7＇　When　that　was　over；　they　went　forward　to　the　kingdom　of　Now…t'an；＇8＇　crossed　the　mountain　of　Yang…low；　and　reached　the　emporium　of　Chang…yih。＇9＇　There　they　found　the　country　so　much　disturbed　that　travelling　on　the　roads　was　impossible　for　them。　Its　king；　however；　was　very　attentive　to　them；　kept　them　（in　his　capital）；　and　acted　the　part　of　their　danapati。＇10＇

Here　they　met　with　Che…yen；　Hwuy…keen；　Sang…shao；　Pao…yun；　and　Sang…　king；＇11＇　and　in　pleasant　association　with　them；　as　bound　on　the　same　journey　with　themselves；　they　passed　the　summer　retreat　（of　that　year）＇12＇　together；　resuming　after　it　their　travelling；　and　going　on　to　T'un…hwang；＇13＇　（the　chief　town）　in　the　frontier　territory　of　defence　extending　for　about　80　le　from　east　to　west；　and　about　40　from　north　to　south。　Their　company；　increased　as　it　had　been；　halted　there　for　some　days　more　than　a　month；　after　which　Fa…hien　and　his　four　friends　started　first　in　the　suite　of　an　envoy；＇14＇　having　separated　（for　a　time）　from　Pao…yun　and　his　associates。

Le　Hao；＇15＇　the　prefect　of　T'un…hwang；　had　supplied　them　with　the　means　of　crossing　the　desert　（before　them）；　in　which　there　are　many　evil　demons　and　hot　winds。　（Travellers）　who　encounter　them　perish　all　to　a　man。　There　is　not　a　bird　to　be　seen　in　the　air　above；　nor　an　animal　on　the　ground　below。　Though　you　look　all　round　most　earnestly　to　find　where　you　can　cross；　you　know　not　where　to　make　your　choice；　the　only　mark　and　indication　being　the　dry　bones　of　the　dead　（left　upon　the　sand）。＇16＇

NOTES

＇1＇　Ch'ang…gan　is　still　the　name　of　the　principal　district　（and　its　city）　in　the　department　of　Se…gan；　Shen…se。　It　had　been　the　capital　of　the　first　empire　of　Han　（B。C。　202…A。D。　24）；　as　it　subsequently　was　that　of　Suy　（A。D。　589…618）。　The　empire　of　the　eastern　Tsin；　towards　the　close　of　which　Fa…hien　lived；　had　its　capital　at　or　near　Nan…king；　and　Ch'ang…gan　was　the　capital　of　the　principal　of　the　three　Ts'in　kingdoms；　which；　with　many　other　minor　ones；　maintained　a　semi…　independence　of　Tsin；　their　rulers　sometimes　even　assuming　the　title　of　emperor。

＇2＇　The　period　Hwang…che　embraced　from　A。D。　399　to　414；　being　the　greater　portion　of　the　reign　of　Yao　Hing　of　the　After　Ts'in；　a　powerful　prince。　He　adopted　Hwang…che　for　the　style　of　his　reign　in　399；　and　the　cyclical　name　of　that　year　was　Kang…tsze。　It　is　not　possible　at　this　distance　of　time　to　explain；　if　it　could　be　explained；　how　Fa…hien　came　to　say　that　Ke…hae　was　the　second　year　of　the　period。　It　seems　most　reasonable　to　suppose　that　he　set　out　on　his　pilgrimage　in　A。D。　399；　the　cycle　name　of　which　was　Ke…hae；　as　｛。｝；　the　second　year；　instead　of　｛。｝；　the　first；　might　easily　creep　into　the　text。　In　the　〃Memoirs　of　Eminent　Monks〃　it　is　said　that　our　author　started　in　the　third　year　of　the　period　Lung…gan　of　the　eastern　Tsin；　which　was　A。D。　399。

＇3＇　These；　like　Fa…hien　itself；　are　all　what　we　might　call　〃clerical〃　names；　appellations　given　to　the　parties　as　monks　or　sramanas。

＇4＇　The　Buddhist　tripitaka　or　canon　consists　of　three　collections；　containing；　according　to　Eitel　（p。　150）；　〃doctrinal　aphorisms　（or　statements；　purporting　to　be　from　Buddha　himself）；　works　on　discipline；　and　works　on　metaphysics：〃called　sutra；　vinaya；　and　abhidharma；　in　Chinese；　king　｛。｝；　leuh　｛。｝；　and　lun　｛。｝；　or　texts；　laws　or　rules；　and　discussions。　Dr。　Rhys　Davids　objects　to　the　designation　of　〃metaphysics〃　as　used　of　the　abhidharma　works；　saying　that　〃they　bear　much　more　the　relation　to　'dharma'　which　'by…law'　bears　to　'law'　than　that　which　'metaphysics'　bears　to　'physics'〃　（Hibbert　Lectures；　p。　49）。　However　this　be；　it　was　about　the　vinaya　works　that　Fa…hien　was　chiefly　concerned。　He　wanted　a　good　code　of　the　rules　for　the　government　of　〃the　Order〃　in　all　its　internal　and　external　relations。

＇5＇　Lung　embraced　the　western　part　of　Shen…se　and　the　eastern　part　of　Kan…suh。　The　name　remains　in　Lung　Chow；　in　the　extreme　west　of　Shen…se。

＇6＇　K'een…kwei　was　the　second　king　of　〃the　Western　Ts'in。〃　His　family　was　of　northern　or　barbarous　origin；　from　the　tribe　of　the　Seen…pe；　with　the　surname　of　K'eih…fuh。　The　first　king　was　Kwo…kin；　and　received　his　appointment　from　the　sovereign　of　the　chief　Ts'in　kingdom　in　385。　He　was　succeeded　in　388　by　his　brother；　the　K'een…kwei　of　the　text；　who　was　very　prosperous　in　398；　and　took　the　title　of　king　of　Ts'in。　Fa…hien　would　find　him　at　his　capital；　somewhere　in　the　present　department　of　Lan…chow；　Kan…suh。

＇7＇　Under　varshas　or　vashavasana　（Pali；　vassa；　Spence　Hardy；　vass）；　Eitel　（p。　163）　says：〃One　of　the　most　ancient　institutions　of　Buddhist　discipline；　requiring　all　ecclesiastics　to　spend　the　rainy　season　in　a　monastery　in　devotional　exercises。　Chinese　Buddhists　naturally　substituted　the　hot　season　for　the　rainy　（from　the　16th　day　of　the　5th　to　the　15th　of　the　9th　Chinese　month）。〃

＇8＇　During　the　troubled　period　of　the　Tsin　dynasty；　there　were　five　（usurping）　Leang　sovereignties　in　the　western　part　of　the　empire　（｛。｝　｛。｝）。　The　name　Leang　remains　in　the　department　of　Leang…chow　in　the　northern　part　of　Kan…suh。　The　〃southern　Leang〃　arose　in　397　under　a　Tuh…