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A JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR
by DANIEL DEFOE
Part 1
being observations or memorials
of the most remarkable occurrences��
as well public as private�察�which happened in
London during the last great visitation in 1665。
Written by a Citizen who continued
all the while in London。
Never made public before
It was about the beginning of September�察�1664�察�that I�察�among the rest
of my neighbours�察�heard in ordinary discourse that the plague was
returned again in Holland�察�for it had been very violent there�察�and
particularly at Amsterdam and Rotterdam�察�in the year 1663�察�whither��
they say�察�it was brought�察�some said from Italy�察�others from the Levant��
among some goods which were brought home by their Turkey fleet��
others said it was brought from Candia�察�others from Cyprus。 It
mattered not from whence it came�察�but all agreed it was come into
Holland again。
We had no such thing as printed newspapers in those days to spread
rumours and reports of things�察�and to improve them by the invention
of men�察�as I have lived to see practised since。 But such things as these
were gathered from the letters of merchants and others who
corresponded abroad�察�and from them was handed about by word of
mouth only�察�so that things did not spread instantly over the whole
nation�察�as they do now。 But it seems that the Government had a true
account of it�察�and several councils were held about ways to prevent its
coming over�察�but all was kept very private。 Hence it was that this
rumour died off again�察�and people began to forget it as a thing we
were very little concerned in�察�and that we hoped was not true�察�till the
latter end of November or the beginning of December 1664 when two
men�察�said to be Frenchmen�察�died of the plague in Long Acre�察�or rather
at the upper end of Drury Lane。 The family they were in endeavoured
to conceal it as much as possible�察�but as it had gotten some vent in the
discourse of the neighbourhood�察�the Secretaries of State got
knowledge of it�察�and concerning themselves to inquire about it�察�in
order to be certain of the truth�察�two physicians and a surgeon were
ordered to go to the house and make inspection。 This they did�察�and
finding evident tokens of the sickness upon both the bodies that were
dead�察�they gave their opinions publicly that they died of the plague。
Whereupon it was given in to the parish clerk�察�and he also returned
them to the Hall�察�and it was printed in the weekly bill of mortality in
the usual manner�察�thus ´
Plague�察�2。 Parishes infected�察�1。
The people showed a great concern at this�察�and began to be alarmed
all over the town�察�and the more�察�because in the last week in December
1664 another man died in the same house�察�and of the same distemper。
And then we were easy again for about six weeks�察�when none having
died with any marks of infection�察�it was said the distemper was gone��
but after that�察�I think it was about the 12th of February�察�another died in
another house�察�but in the same parish and in the same manner。
This turned the people's eyes pretty much towards that end of the
town�察�and the weekly bills showing an increase of burials in St Giles's
parish more than usual�察�it began to be suspected that the plague was
among the people at that end of the town�察�and that many had died of it��
though they had taken care to keep it as much from the knowledge of the
public as possible。 This possessed the heads of the people very much��
and few cared to go through Drury Lane�察�or the other streets suspected��
unless they had extraordinary business that obliged them to it
This increase of the bills stood thus�此�the usual number of burials in a
week�察�in the parishes of St Giles´in´the´Fields and St Andrew's��
Holborn�察�were from twelve to seventeen or nineteen each�察�few more
or less�察�but from the time that the plague first began in St Giles's
parish�察�it was observed that the ordinary burials increased in number
considerably。 For example�此 �
From December 27 to January 3 �� St Giles's 16
�� St Andrew's 17
; January 3 ; ; 10 �� St Giles's 12
�� St Andrew's 25
; January 10 ; ; 17 �� St Giles's 18
�� St Andrew's 28
; January 17 ; ; 24 �� St Giles's 23
�� St Andrew's 16
; January 24 ; ; 31 �� St Giles's 24
�� St Andrew's 15
; January 30 ; February 7 �� St Giles's 21
�� St Andrew's 23
; February 7 ; ; 14 �� St Giles's 24
Whereof one of the plague。
The like increase of the bills was observed in the parishes of St
Bride's�察�adjoining on one side of Holborn parish�察�and in the parish of
St James�察�Clerkenwell�察�adjoining on the other side of Holborn�察�in both
which parishes the usual numbers that died weekly were from four to
six or eight�察�whereas at that time they were increased as follows�此 �
From December 20 to December 27 �� St Bride's 0
�� St James's 8
December 27 to January 3 �� St Bride's 6
�� St James's 9
; January 3 ; ; 10 �� St Bride's 11
�� St James's 7
; January 10 ; ; 17 �� St Bride's 12
�� St James's 9
; January 17 ; ; 24 �� St Bride's 9
�� St James's 15
; January 24 ; ; 31 �� St Bride's 8
�� St James's 12
; January 31 ; February 7 �� St Bride's 13
�� St James's 5
; February 7 ; ; 14 �� St Bride's 12
�� St James's 6
Besides this�察�it was observed with great uneasiness by the people that
the weekly bills in general increased very much during these weeks��
although it was at a time of the year when usually the bills are very
moderate。
The usual number of burials within the bills of mortality for a week
was from about 240 or thereabouts to 300。 The last was esteemed a
pretty high bill�察�but after this we found the bills successively
increasing as follows�此 �
Buried。 Increased。
December the 20th to the 27th 291 。。。
; 27th ; 3rd January 349 58
January the 3rd ; 10th ; 394 45
; 10th ; 17th ; 415 21
; 17th ; 24th ; 474 59
This last bill was really frightful�察�being a higher number than had
been known to have been buried in one week since the preceding
visitation of 1656。
However�察�all this went off again�察�and the weather proving cold�察�and
the frost�察�which began in December�察�still continuing very severe even
till near the end of February�察�attended with sharp though moderate
winds�察�the bills decreased again�察�and the city grew healthy�察�and
everybody began to look upon the danger as good as over�察�only that
still the burials in St Giles's continued high。 From the beginning of
April especially they stood at twenty´five each week�察�till the week
from the 18th to the 25th�察�when there was buried in St Giles's parish
thirty�察�whereof two of the plague and eight of the spotted´fever�察�which
was looked upon as the same thing�察�likewise the number that died of
the spotted´fever in the whole increased�察�being eight the week before��
and twelve the week above´named。
This alarmed us all again�察�and terrible apprehensions were among
the people�察�especially the weather being now changed and growing
warm�察�and the summer being at hand。 However�察�the next week there
seemed to be som