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                    SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR 



            THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD 



          Translated from the Chinese with Introduction 

                       and Critical Notes 



                               BY 



                       LIONEL GILES�察�M。A。 



 Assistant in the Department of Oriental Printed Books and MSS。 

                      in the British Museum 



                     First Published in 1910 



´



                          To my brother

                  Captain Valentine Giles�察�R。G。

                        in the hope that

                      a work 2400 years old

           may yet contain lessons worth consideration

                     by the soldier of today

                        this translation

                  is affectionately dedicated。



´


INTRODUCTION





Sun Wu and his Book

´





     Ssu´ma Ch`ien gives the following biography of Sun Tzu�此 。�1�А�





       Sun Tzu Wu was a native of the Ch`i State。  His ART OF 

  WAR brought him to the notice of Ho Lu�察。�2�А�King of Wu。  Ho 

  Lu said to him�此  �I have carefully perused your 13 chapters。  

  May I submit your theory of managing soldiers to a slight 

  test�拭�

       Sun Tzu replied�此  �You may。;

       Ho Lu asked�此  �May the test be applied to women�拭�

       The answer was again in the affirmative�察�so arrangements 

  were made to bring 180 ladies out of the Palace。  Sun Tzu 

  divided them into two companies�察�and placed one of the King's 

  favorite concubines at the head of each。  He then bade them 

  all take spears in their hands�察�and addressed them thus�此   �I 

  presume you know the difference between front and back�察�right 

  hand and left hand�拭�

       The girls replied�此 �Yes。

       Sun Tzu went on�此  �When I say ;Eyes front�察─ �you must 

  look straight ahead。  When I say ;Left turn�察─�you must face 

  towards your left hand。  When I say ;Right turn�察─ �you must 

  face towards your right hand。  When I say ;About turn�察─ �you 

  must face right round towards your back。;

       Again the girls assented。  The words of command having 

  been thus explained�察�he set up the halberds and battle´axes 

  in order to begin the drill。  Then�察�to the sound of drums�察�he 

  gave the order ;Right turn。;  But the girls only burst out 

  laughing。  Sun Tzu said�此  �If words of command are not clear 

  and distinct�察�if orders are not thoroughly understood�察�then 

  the general is to blame。;

       So he started drilling them again�察�and this time gave 

  the order ;Left turn�察─�whereupon the girls once more burst 

  into fits of laughter。  Sun Tzu�此  �If words of command are 

  not clear and distinct�察�if orders are not thoroughly 

  understood�察�the general is to blame。  But if his orders ARE 

  clear�察�and the soldiers nevertheless disobey�察�then it is the 

  fault of their officers。;

       So saying�察�he ordered the leaders of the two companies 

  to be beheaded。  Now the king of Wu was watching the scene 

  from the top of a raised pavilion�察�and when he saw that his 

  favorite concubines were about to be executed�察�he was greatly 

  alarmed and hurriedly sent down the following message�此   �We 

  are now quite satisfied as to our general's ability to handle 

  troops。  If We are bereft of these two concubines�察�our meat 

  and drink will lose their savor。  It is our wish that they 

  shall not be beheaded。;

       Sun Tzu replied�此  �Having once received His Majesty's 

  commission to be the general of his forces�察�there are certain 

  commands of His Majesty which�察�acting in that capacity�察�I am 

  unable to accept。;

       Accordingly�察 �he had the two leaders beheaded�察 �and 

  straightway installed the pair next in order as leaders in 

  their place。  When this had been done�察�the drum was sounded 

  for the drill once more�察�and the girls went through all the 

  evolutions�察�turning to the right or to the left�察�marching 

  ahead or wheeling back�察�kneeling or standing�察�with perfect 

  accuracy and precision�察�not venturing to utter a sound。  Then 

  Sun Tzu sent a messenger to the King saying�此  �Your soldiers�察�

  Sire�察�are now properly drilled and disciplined�察�and ready for 

  your majesty's inspection。  They can be put to any use that 

  their sovereign may desire�察�bid them go through fire and 

  water�察�and they will not disobey。;

       But the King replied�此  �Let our general cease drilling 

  and return to camp。  As for us�察�We have no wish to come down 

  and inspect the troops。;

       Thereupon Sun Tzu said�此  �The King is only fond of 

  words�察�and cannot translate them into deeds。; 

       After that�察�Ho Lu saw that Sun Tzu was one who knew how 

  to handle an army�察�and finally appointed him general。  In the 

  west�察�he defeated the Ch`u State and forced his way into 

  Ying�察�the capital�察�to the north he put fear into the States 

  of Ch`i and Chin�察�and spread his fame abroad amongst the 

  feudal princes。  And Sun Tzu shared in the might of the King。



     About Sun Tzu himself this is all that Ssu´ma Ch`ien has to 

tell us in this chapter。  But he proceeds to give a biography of 

his descendant�察 �Sun Pin�察�born about a hundred years after his 

famous ancestor's death�察�and also the outstanding military genius 

of his time。  The historian speaks of him too as Sun Tzu�察�and in 

his preface we read�此  �Sun Tzu had his feet cut off and yet 

continued to discuss the art of war。; ��3�А �It seems likely�察�then�察�

that  ;Pin; was a nickname bestowed on him after his mutilation�察�

unless the story was invented in order to account for the name。  

The crowning incident of his career�察�the crushing defeat of his 

treacherous rival P`ang Chuan�察�will be found briefly related in 

Chapter V。 ss。 19�察�note。

     To return to the elder Sun Tzu。  He is mentioned in two 

other passages of the SHIH CHI�此�



       In the third year of his reign ��512 B。C。�А�Ho Lu�察�king of 

  Wu�察�took the field with Tzu´hsu ��i。e。 Wu Yuan�А�and Po P`ei�察�

  and attacked Ch`u。  He captured the town of Shu and slew the 

  two prince's sons who had formerly been generals of Wu。  He 

  was then meditating a descent on Ying ��the capital�В察�but the 

  general Sun Wu said�此  �The army is exhausted。  It is not yet 

  possible。  We must wait;。。。。  ��After further successful 

  fighting�撮А  �in the ninth year  ��506 B。C。�В察 �King Ho Lu 

  addressed Wu Tzu´hsu and Sun Wu�察�saying�此   �Formerly�察�you 

  declared that it was not yet possible for us to enter Ying。  

  Is the time ripe now�拭─ �The two men replied�此  �Ch`u's general 

  Tzu´ch`ang�察。�4�А�is grasping and covetous�察�and the princes of 

  T`ang and Ts`ai both have a grudge against him。  If Your 

  Majesty has resolved to make a grand attack�察�you must win 

  over T`ang and Ts`ai�察�and then you may succeed。;   Ho Lu 

  followed this advice�察。�beat Ch`u in five pitched battles and 

  marched into Ying。�А。�5��



     This is the latest date at which anything is recorded of Sun 

Wu。  He does not appear to have survived his patron�察�who died 

from the effects of a wound in 496。

     In another chapter there occurs this passage�此 。�6��



       From this time onward�察�a number of famous soldiers 

  arose�察�one after the other�此 �Kao´fan�察。�7�А�who was employed by 

  the Chin State�察�Wang´tzu�察。�8�А�in the service of Ch`i�察�and Sun 

  Wu�察�in the service of Wu。  These men developed and threw 

  light upon the principles of war。



     It is obvious enough that Ssu´ma Ch`ien at least had no 

doubt about the reality of Sun Wu as an historical personage�察�and 

with one exception�察�to be noticed presently�察�he is by far the 

most important authority on the period in question。  It will not 

be necessary�察�therefore�察�to say much of such a work as the WU 

YUEH CH`UN CH`IU�察�which is supposed to have been written by Chao 

Yeh of the 1st century A。D。  The attribution is somewhat 

doubtful�察�but even if it were otherwise�察�his account would be

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