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art of war-第4章

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excludes the idea that they were artificially concocted in the 

study。  If we admit; then; that the 13 chapters were the genuine 

production of a military man living towards the end of the 〃CH‘UN 

CH‘IU〃 period; are we not bound; in spite of the silence of the 

TSO CHUAN; to accept Ssu…ma Ch‘ien's account in its entirety?  In 

view of his high repute as a sober historian;  must we not 

hesitate to assume that the records he drew upon for Sun Wu's 

biography were false and untrustworthy?  The answer; I fear; must 

be in the negative。  There is still one grave; if not fatal; 

objection to the chronology involved in the story as told in the 

SHIH CHI; which; so far as I am aware; nobody has yet pointed 

out。  There are two passages in Sun Tzu in which he alludes to 

contemporary affairs。  The first in in VI。 ss。 21: 



       Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh 

  exceed our own in number; that shall advantage them nothing 

  in the matter of victory。  I say then that victory can be 

  achieved。



The other is in XI。 ss。 30: 



       Asked if an army can be made to imitate the SHUAI…JAN; I 

  should answer; Yes。  For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh 

  are enemies;  yet if they are crossing a river in the same 

  boat and are caught by a storm; they will come to each 

  other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right。



     These two paragraphs are extremely valuable as evidence of 

the date of composition。  They assign the work to the period of 

the struggle between Wu and Yueh。  So much has been observed by 

Pi I…hsun。  But what has hitherto escaped notice is that they 

also seriously impair the credibility of Ssu…ma Ch‘ien's 

narrative。  As we have seen above; the first positive date given 

in connection with Sun Wu is 512 B。C。  He is then spoken of as a 

general;  acting as confidential adviser to Ho Lu; so that his 

alleged introduction to that monarch had already taken place; and 

of course the 13 chapters must have been written earlier still。  

But at that time; and for several years after; down to the 

capture of Ying in 506; Ch‘u and not Yueh; was the great 

hereditary enemy of Wu。  The two states; Ch‘u and Wu; had been 

constantly at war for over half a century; '31' whereas the first 

war between Wu and Yueh was waged only in 510; '32' and even then 

was no more than a short interlude sandwiched in the midst of the 

fierce struggle with Ch‘u。  Now Ch‘u is not mentioned in the 13 

chapters at all。  The natural inference is that they were written 

at a time when Yueh had become the prime antagonist of Wu; that 

is; after Ch‘u had suffered the great humiliation of 506。  At 

this point; a table of dates may be found useful。



B。C。 |

     |

514  |  Accession of Ho Lu。

512  |  Ho Lu attacks Ch‘u; but is dissuaded from entering Ying;      

     |    the capital。  SHI CHI mentions Sun Wu as general。

511  |  Another attack on Ch‘u。

510  |  Wu makes a successful attack on Yueh。  This is the first           

     |    war between the two states。

509  |

 or  |  Ch‘u invades Wu; but is signally defeated at Yu…chang。

508  |

506  |  Ho Lu attacks Ch‘u with the aid of T‘ang and Ts‘ai。  

     |    Decisive battle of Po…chu; and capture of Ying。  Last 

     |    mention of Sun Wu in SHIH CHI。

505  |  Yueh makes a raid on Wu in the absence of its army。  Wu 

     |    is beaten by Ch‘in and evacuates Ying。

504  |  Ho Lu sends Fu Ch‘ai to attack Ch‘u。

497  |  Kou Chien becomes King of Yueh。

496  |  Wu attacks Yueh; but is defeated by Kou Chien at Tsui…li。  

     |    Ho Lu is killed。

494  |  Fu Ch‘ai defeats Kou Chien in the great battle of Fu…

     |    chaio; and enters the capital of Yueh。

485  |

 or  |  Kou Chien renders homage to Wu。  Death of Wu Tzu…hsu。

484  |

482  |  Kou Chien invades Wu in the absence of Fu Ch‘ai。

478  |

 to  |  Further attacks by Yueh on Wu。

476  |

475  |  Kou Chien lays siege to the capital of Wu。

473  |  Final defeat and extinction of Wu。



     The sentence quoted above from VI。 ss。 21 hardly strikes me 

as one that could have been written in the full flush of victory。  

It seems rather to imply that; for the moment at least; the tide 

had turned against Wu; and that she was getting the worst of the 

struggle。  Hence we may conclude that our treatise was not in 

existence in 505; before which date Yueh does not appear to have 

scored any notable success against Wu。  Ho Lu died in 496;  so 

that if the book was written for him; it must have been during 

the period 505…496; when there was a lull in the hostilities;  Wu 

having presumably exhausted by its supreme effort against Ch‘u。  

On the other hand; if we choose to disregard the tradition 

connecting Sun Wu's name with Ho Lu; it might equally well have 

seen the light between 496 and 494; or possibly in the period 

482…473; when Yueh was once again becoming a very serious menace。 

'33'  We may feel fairly certain that the author; whoever he may 

have been; was not a man of any great eminence in his own day。  

On this point the negative testimony of the TSO CHUAN far 

outweighs any shred of authority still attaching to the SHIH CHI; 

if once its other facts are discredited。  Sun Hsing…yen; however; 

makes a feeble attempt to explain the omission of his name from 

the great commentary。  It was Wu Tzu…hsu; he says; who got all 

the credit of Sun Wu's exploits; because the latter  (being an 

alien) was not rewarded with an office in the State。

     How then did the Sun Tzu legend originate?  It may be that 

the growing celebrity of the book imparted by degrees a kind of 

factitious renown to its author。  It was felt to be only right 

and proper that one so well versed in the science of war should 

have solid achievements to his credit as well。  Now the capture 

of Ying was undoubtedly the greatest feat of arms in Ho Lu's 

reign;  it made a deep and lasting impression on all the 

surrounding states; and raised Wu to the short…lived zenith of 

her power。  Hence; what more natural; as time went on; than that 

the acknowledged master of strategy; Sun Wu; should be popularly 

identified with that campaign; at first perhaps only in the sense 

that his brain conceived and planned it; afterwards; that it was 

actually carried out by him in conjunction with Wu Yuan; '34'  Po 

P‘ei and Fu Kai? 

     It is obvious that any attempt to reconstruct even the 

outline of Sun Tzu's life must be based almost wholly on 

conjecture。  With this necessary proviso; I should say that he 

probably entered the service of Wu about the time of Ho Lu's 

accession;  and gathered experience; though only in the capacity 

of a subordinate officer; during the intense military activity 

which marked the first half of the prince's reign。 '35'   If he 

rose to be a general at all; he certainly was never on an equal 

footing with the three above mentioned。  He was doubtless present 

at the investment and occupation of Ying;  and witnessed Wu's 

sudden collapse in the following year。  Yueh's attack at this 

critical juncture; when her rival was embarrassed on every side; 

seems to have convinced him that this upstart kingdom was the 

great enemy against whom every effort would henceforth have to be 

directed。  Sun Wu was thus a well…seasoned warrior when he sat 

down to write his famous book; which according to my reckoning 

must have appeared towards the end; rather than the beginning of 

Ho Lu's reign。  The story of the women may possibly have grown 

out of some real incident occurring about the same time。  As we 

hear no more of Sun Wu after this from any source; he is hardly 

likely to have survived his patron or to have taken part in the 

death…struggle with Yueh; which began with the disaster at Tsui…

li。

     If these inferences are approximately correct; there is a 

certain irony in the fate which decreed that China's most 

illustrious man of peace should

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