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第6章

the essays of montaigne, v17-第6章

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nations so differing; so remote; so disaffected; so confusedly commanded;
and so unjustly conquered:

              〃Nec gentibus ullis
               Commodat in populum; terra pelagique potentem;
               Invidiam fortuna suam。〃

     '〃Fortune never gave it to any nation to satisfy its hatred against
     the people; masters of the seas and of the earth。〃Lucan; i。 32。'

Everything that totters does not fall。  The contexture of so great a body
holds by more nails than one; it holds even by its antiquity; like old
buildings; from which the foundations are worn away by time; without
rough…cast or mortar; which yet live and support themselves by their own
weight:

                   〃Nec jam validis radicibus haerens;
                    Pondere tuta suo est。〃

Moreover; it is not rightly to go to work; to examine only the flank and
the foss; to judge of the security of a place; we must observe which way
approaches can be made to it; and in what condition the assailant is: few
vessels sink with their own weight; and without some exterior violence。
Now; let us everyway cast our eyes; everything about us totters; in all
the great states; both of Christendom and elsewhere; that are known to
us; if you will but look; you will there see evident menace of alteration
and ruin:

         〃Et sua sunt illis incommoda; parque per omnes
          Tempestas。〃

          '〃They all share in the mischief; the tempest rages
          everywhere。〃AEneid; ii。'

Astrologers may very well; as they do; warn us of great revolutions and
imminent mutations: their prophecies are present and palpable; they need
not go to heaven to foretell this。  There is not only consolation to be
extracted from this universal combination of ills and menaces; but;
moreover; some hopes of the continuation of our state; forasmuch as;
naturally; nothing falls where all falls: universal sickness is
particular health: conformity is antagonistic to dissolution。  For my
part; I despair not; and fancy that I discover ways to save us:

                   〃Deus haec fortasse benigna
                    Reducet in sedem vice。〃

     '〃The deity will perchance by a favourable turn restore us to our
     former position。〃Horace; Epod。; xiii。 7。'

Who knows but that God will have it happen; as in human bodies that purge
and restore themselves to a better state by long and grievous maladies;
which render them more entire and perfect health than that they took from
them?  That which weighs the most with me is; that in reckoning the
symptoms of our ill; I see as many natural ones; and that Heaven sends
us; and properly its own; as of those that our disorder and human
imprudence contribute to it。  The very stars seem to declare that we have
already continued long enough; and beyond the ordinary term。  This also
afflicts me; that the mischief which nearest threatens us; is not an
alteration in the entire and solid mass; but its dissipation and
divulsion; which is the most extreme of our fears。

I; moreover; fear; in these fantasies of mine; the treachery of my
memory; lest; by inadvertence; it should make me write the same thing
twice。  I hate to examine myself; and never review; but very unwillingly;
what has once escaped my pen。  I here set down nothing new。  These are
common thoughts; and having; peradventure; conceived them an hundred
times; I am afraid I have set them down somewhere else already。
Repetition is everywhere troublesome; though it were in Homer; but 'tis
ruinous in things that have only a superficial and transitory show。  I do
not love over…insisting; even in the most profitable things; as in
Seneca; and the usage of his stoical school displeases me; to repeat;
upon every subject; at full length and width the principles and
presuppositions that serve in general; and always to realledge anew
common and universal reasons。

My memory grows cruelly worse every day:

                   〃Pocula Lethaeos ut si ducentia somnos;
                    Arente fauce traxerim;〃

     '〃As if my dry throat had drunk seducing cups of Lethaean
     oblivion。〃Horace; Epod。; xiv。 3。'

I must be fain for the time to come (for hitherto; thanks be to God;
nothing has happened much amiss); whereas others seek time and
opportunity to think of what they have to say; to avoid all preparation;
for fear of tying myself to some obligation upon which I must insist。  To
be tied and bound to a thing puts me quite out; and to depend upon so
weak an instrument as my memory。  I never read this following story that
I am not offended at it with a personal and natural resentment:
Lyncestes; accused of conspiracy against Alexander; the day that he was
brought out before the army; according to the custom; to be heard as to
what he could say for himself; had learned a studied speech; of which;
hesitating and stammering; he pronounced some words。  Whilst growing more
and more perplexed; whilst struggling with his memory; and trying to
recollect what he had to say; the soldiers nearest to him charged their
pikes against him and killed him; looking upon him as convict; his
confusion and silence served them for a confession; for having had so
much leisure to prepare himself in prison; they concluded that it was not
his memory that failed him; but that his conscience tied up his tongue
and stopped his mouth。  And; truly; well said; the place; the assembly;
the expectation; astound a man; even when he has but the ambition to
speak well; what can a man do when 'tis an harangue upon which his life
depends?

For my part; the very being tied to what I am to say is enough to loose
me from it。  When I wholly commit and refer myself to my memory; I lay so
much stress upon it that it sinks under me: it grows dismayed with the
burden。  So much as I trust to it; so much do I put myself out of my own
power; even to the finding it difficult to keep my own countenance; and
have been sometimes very much put to it to conceal the slavery wherein I
was engaged; whereas my design is to manifest; in speaking; a perfect
calmness both of face and accent; and casual and unpremeditated motions;
as rising from present occasions; choosing rather to say nothing to
purpose than to show that I came prepared to speak well; a thing
especially unbecoming a man of my profession; and of too great obligation
on him who cannot retain much。  The preparation begets a great deal more
expectation than it will satisfy。  A man often strips himself to his
doublet to leap no farther than he would have done in his gown:

          〃Nihil est his; qui placere volunt; turn adversarium;
          quam expectatio。〃

     '〃Nothing is so adverse to those who make it their business to
     please as expectation〃Cicero; Acad。; ii。 4'

It is recorded of the orator Curio; that when he proposed the division of
his oration into three or four parts; or three or four arguments or
reasons; it often happened either that he forgot some one; or added one
or two more。  I have always avoided falling into this inconvenience;
having ever hated these promises and prescriptions; not only out of
distrust of my memory; but also because this method relishes too much of
the artist:

                    〃Simpliciora militares decent。〃

     '〃Simplicity becomes warriors。〃Quintilian; Instit。 Orat。; xi。 I。'

'Tis… enough that I have promised to myself never again to take upon me
to speak in a place of respect; for as to speaking; when a man reads his
speech; besides that it is very absurd; it is a mighty disadvantage to
those who naturally could give it a grace by action; and to rely upon the
mercy of my present invention; I would much less do it; 'tis heavy and
perplexed; and such as would never furnish me in sudden and important
necessities。

Permit; reader; this essay its course also; and this third sitting to
finish the rest of my picture: I add; but I correct not。  First; because
I conceive that a man having once parted with his labours to the world;
he has no further right to them; let him do better if he can; in some new
undertaking; but not adulterate what he has already sold。  Of such
dealers nothing should be bought till after they 

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