forty centuries of ink-第24章

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in　the　liquor：　and　when　you　have　need；　wipe　it

upon　the　paper　gently；　and　wet　the　letters　so　long

until　the　native　black　colour　disappear；　but　the

former　colour；　that　was　not　seen；　will　be　made

apparent。　Now　I　will　show　in　what　liquors　paper

must　be　soaked　to　make　letters　to　be　seen。　As　I

said；　Dissolve　Vitriol　in　water：　then　powder　Galls

finely；　and　soak　them　in　water：　let　them　stay　there

twenty…four　hours：　filtre　them　through　a　linen

cloth；　or　something　else；　that　may　make　the　water

clear；　and　make　letters　upon　the　paper　that　you

desire　to　have　concealed：　send　it　to　your　Friend

absent：　when　you　would　have　them　appear；　dip

them　in　the　first　liquor；　and　the　letters　will　presently

be　seen。

　*　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*



If　you　write　with　the　juice　of　Citrons；　Oranges；

Onyons；　or　almost　any　sharp　things；　if　you　make

it　hot　at　the　fire；　their　acrimony　is　presently　discovered：

for　they　are　undigested　juices；　whereas　they

are　detected　by　the　heat　of　the　fire；　and　then　they

show　forth　those　colours　that　they　would　show　if

they　were　ripe。　If　you　write　with　a　sowre　Grape

that　would　be　black；　or　with　Cervices；　when　you

hold　them　to　the　fire　they　are　concocted；　and　will

give　the　same　colour　they　would　in　due　time　give

upon　the　tree；　when　they　were　ripe。　Juice　of　Cherries；

added　to　Calamus；　will　make　a　green：　to　sow…

bread　a　red：　so　divers　juices　of　Fruits　will　show

divers　colours　by　the　fire。　By　these　means　Maids

sending　and　receiving　love…letters；　escape　from

those　that　have　charge　of　them。　There　is　also　a

kind　of　Salt　called　Ammoniac：　this　powdered　and

mingled　with　water；　will　write　white　letters；　and

can　hardly　be　distinguished　from　the　paper；　but

hold　them　to　the　fire；　and　they　will　shew　black。〃



With　respect　to　the　preparation　of　black　and　colored

inks　and　also　colors：　Antonio　Neri；　an　Italian　author

and　chemist　who　lived　in　the　sixteenth　century；　in　his

treatise　seems　not　only　to　have　laid　the　foundation

for　most　of　the　receipts　called　attention　to　by　later

writers　during　the　two　hundred　years　which　followed；

but　to　have　been　the　very　first　to　specify　a　proper

〃gall〃　ink　and　its　formula；　as　the　most　worthy　of

notice。



Pietro　Caneparius；　a　physician　and　writer　of　Venice；

A。　D。　1612；　in　his　work　De　Atrametis；　gives　a　more

extensive　view　about　the　preparation　and　composition

of　inks　and　adopts　all　that　Neri　had　given；　though　he

never　quotes　his　name；　and　adds〃hitherto　published

by　no　one。〃　He　does　however　mention　many　valuable

particulars　which　were　omitted　by　Neri。　Most

of　his　receipts　are　about　gold；　silver　and　nondescript

inks；　with　directions　for　making　a　great　variety　for

secret　writing　and　defacing。　This　book　revised　and

enlarged　was　republished　in　London；　1660。



In　1653　Peter　Borel；　who　was　physician　to　Louis

XIV；　King；　of　France　published　his　〃Bibliotheca

Chemica；〃　which　contains　a　large　number　of　ink　receipts；

two　of　which　may　be　characterized　as　〃iron

and　gall〃　ones。　They　possess　value　on　account　of

the　relative　proportions　indicated　between　the　two

chemicals。　The　colored　ones；　including　gold；　silver

and　sympathetic　inks　are　mostly　repetitions　of　those

of　Neri　and　Caneparius。　The　French　writers；　though；

speak　of　his　researches　in　chemistry　as　〃somewhat

credulous。〃



Christopher　Merret；　an　English　physician　and　naturalist；

born　A。　D。　1614；　translated　Neri　into　our

language　in　1654；　with　many　notes　of　his　own　about

him；　his　observations　have　added　nothing　of　value　to

the　chemistry　of　inks。



Johann　Kunckel；　a　noted　German　chemist　and

writer　in　1657；　republished　in　the　German　language

Neri's　work　with　Merret's　notes；　and　his　own　observations

on　both。　He　also　inserted　many　other　processes

as　the　result　of　considerable　research　and　seems　to

have　been　thoroughly　conversant　with　the　chemistry

of　inks；　advocating　especially　the　value　and　employment

of　a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink　for　record　purposes。



Salmon；　A。　D。　1665；　in　his　Polygraphics；　proceeds

to　give　instructions　relative　to　inks　which　notwithstanding

their　merit　are　confounded　with　so　many　absurdities

as　to　lessen　their　value　for　those　who　were

unable　to　separate　truth　from　falsehood；　but　he

nevertheless　dwells　on　the　virtues　of　the　〃gall〃　inks。



Jacques　Lemort；　a　Dutch　chemist　of　some　note；

issued　a　treatise；　A。　D。　1669；　on　〃Ink　Formulas　and

Colors；〃　seemingly　selected　from　the　books　of　those

who　had　preceded　him。　He　expresses　the　opinion

that　the　〃gall〃　inks　if　properly　compounded　would

give　beneficial　results。



Formulas　for　making　inks　are　found　tucked　away

in　some　of　the　very　old　literature　treating　of　〃curious〃

things。　One　of　them　which　appeared　in　1669　directs：

〃to　strain　out　the　best　quality　of　iron　employ　old　and

rusty　nails；〃　another　one　says；　that　the　ink　when

made　is　to　remain　in　an　open　vessel　〃for　thirty　days

and　thirty　nights；　before　putting　it　in　a　parchment

bag。〃



An　English　compendium　of　ink　formulas；　published

in　1693；　calls　attention　to　many　formulas　for　black

inks　as　well　as　gold；　silver；　and　the　colored　ones；　no

comment；　however；　is　made　in　respect　to　any　particular

one　being　better　than　another　as　to　permanency；

and　these　conditions　would　seem　to　have　continued　for

nearly　a　century　later；　though　the　art　of　handwriting

was　making　giant　strides。



It　is　a　remarkable　fact　that　notwithstanding　the　numerous

devotees　to　that　art　which　included　many　of

the　gentler　sex；　reproductions　of　whose　skill　in　〃Indian〃

ink　are　to　be　found　engraved　in　magnificent

publications；　both　in　book　and　other　forms；　there　is　no

mention　in　them　or　in　any　others　included　within　this

period　about　the　necessity　of　using　any　other　DURABLE

ink　for　record　or　commercial　purposes。



As　indicative　in　some　degree　of　the　progress　of　the

art　of　handwriting　and　handwriting　materials；　commencing

A。　D。　1525　and　ending　A。　D。　1814；　I　present

herewith　a　compilation　of　the　names　of　over　one　hundred

of　the　best　known　calligraphers　and　authors　of

the　world；　and　not　to　be　found　as　a　whole　in　any　public

or　private　library。　It　is　arranged　in　chronological

order。



1525。



The　first　English　essay　on　the　subject　of

〃Curious　Calligraphy〃　was　by　a　woman　who

from　all　accounts　possessed　most　remarkable

facility　in　the　use　of　the　pen　as　well　as　a

knowledge　of　languages。　Her　name　was　Elizabeth

Lucar；　as　she　was　born　in　London　in

1510　and　died　1537；　her　work　must　have

been　accomplished　when　only　fifteen　years　of

age。



1540。



Roger　Ascham；　best　known　as　the　tutor　of

Queen　Elizabeth。



1570。



Peter　Bales；　author　of　many　works；　〃The

Writing　Schoolmaster；〃　which　he　published　in

three　parts；　being　the　best　known。　He　was

also　a　microscopic　writer。　His　rooms　were　at

the　sign　of　〃The　Hand　and　Golden　Pen；〃

London。



1571。



John　de　Beauchesne；　teacher　of　the　Princess

Elizabeth；　daughter　of　King　James　I。　Author

of　many　copy　books。



1588。



John　Mellis；　〃Merchants　Accounts；〃　etc。



1600。



Elizabeth　Jane　Weston；　of　London　and　Prague；

wrote　many　poems　in　old　Latin。



1600。



Hester　Inglis；　〃The　Psalms　of　David。〃



1601。



John　Davies；　〃The　Writing　Schoolmaster；　or

Anatomy　of　Fair　Writing。〃



1616。



Richard　Gething；　〃The　Hand　and　Pen；

1645；　〃Chirographia〃　and　many　others。



1618。



Martin　Billingsley；　〃The　Writing　Schoolmaster；

or　the　Anatomie　of　Fair　Writing。〃　This

author　was　writing　master　to　King　Charles　I。



1622。



David　Brown；　who　was　scribe　to　King　James　I。

〃Calligraphia。〃



1622。



William　Comley；　〃Copy…Book　of　all　the　most

usual　English　Hands；〃　etc。



1646。



Josiah　Ricrafte；　〃The　Peculiar　Character　of

the　Oriental　Languages。〃



1650。



Louis　Hughes；　〃Plain　and　Easy　Directions　to

Fair　Writing。〃



1650。



John　Johnson；　〃The　Usual　Practices　of　Fair

and　Speedy　Writing。〃



1651。



John　Cl