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forty centuries of ink-第40章

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Potash                               Crimson        Light Red

Potassium Permanganate                …               …

Iodide 。 。 。 。 。                      …               …

Pyrogallic Acid 。 。 。 。               …               …

Chrome…yellow 。 。 。 。 。               …               …

Sodium (Salt)                         …              Red

Sulphate of Iron                     Dark Violet      …

Alum 。 。 。 。 。 。 。                    …              Faint Red





CHAPTER XIX。



FRAUDULENT INK BACK GROUNDS。



DETECTION OF ALTERATIONS IN DOCUMENTS BY CHEMICAL

TESTS WHICH APPLY SOLELY TO THE PAPERACCURACY

OF RESULTS OBTAINED BY USE OF IODINE

EXCELS THAT OF ALL OTHER CHEMICALSIT APPLIES

BEST TO LINEN PAPERMODERN HARD PAPER DOES

NOT GIVE COMPLETE INFORMATIONEFFECT OF IODINE

ON MARKS MADE BY A STYLUS OR GLASS PEN。



FIFTY years ago and long before the employment of

the fugitive 〃anilines〃 for ink uses; and 〃wood

pulp〃 as a material for paper; two French chemists;

Chevallier and Lassiagne; published in the Journal de

Chimie Medical; an article 〃On the Means to be

Employed for Detecting and Rendering Perceptible

Fraudulent Alterations in Public and Private Documents;〃

which as translated is valuable enough to

quote in full:



〃The numerous experiments which have been

already tried at various times; have made known

the processes which may frequently be put in practice

for causing the reappearance of traces of writing

effaced by chemical reactions; and for throwing

light on the work of the guilty。 But there are

cases in which all the means proposed for this purpose

fail; and then the criminal may escape justice

from the want of conclusive material proofs。 If;

as has already been proved; it is not always possible

to cause the reappearance of the effaced writing;

for which written words have with a fraudulent

intent been substituted; at least; as our

experiments demonstrates; we may recognize; by

some effects which are manifest on the surface of

the altered paper; the places where the criminal act

has been performed; circumscribe them by a simple

chemical reaction visible to the least practiced eye;

and even measure their extent。 In a word; the

visible alterations produced on a deed are susceptible;

owing to the partial modifications which the

surface of the paper has undergone; of being differently

affected by certain chemical actions; and

of being rendered visible。 The following experiments;

made in a judicial investigation; furnish us

with the following facts:



〃1st。 The surface of paper sized in the ordinary

way; or letter paper; no longer presents with certain

reactions; the same uniformity where it has

been either accidently moistened in several places

by various liquids; or left in contact for a certain

time with agents capable of removing or destroying

the characters which have been traced on it with

ink。



〃2d。 The application of a thin layer of gum; of

starch; or farina; of gelatine; or fish…glue; with a

view of sizing certain parts of the paper; or of

causing certain bodies to adhere to it momentarily;

is detected by an action similar to that which

shows paper to have lately been wetted by the contact

of liquids。



〃3d。 The heterogeneousness of the pulp of the

papers; and the kind of size with which they are

impregnated; lead to differences in the results

which are observed with the same chemical reagents。

We shall now examine each of these propositions;

and describe the means which we have

employed in endeavoring to solve questions of so

high a degree of interest。



〃1st。 The homogeneousness of sized paper not

partially altered by the contact of liquids (water;

alcohol; salt…water; vinegar; saliva; tears; urine;

acid salts; and alkaline salts) is demonstrated by

the uniform coloration which this surface takes on

being exposed; if not wholly; at least in various

parts; to the action of the vapor of iodine disengaged

at the ordinary temperature from a flask

containing a portion of the metalloid。 When the

surface of paper not stained by any of the above

mentioned liquids is exposed to the action of this

vapor for three or four minutes in a room the temperature

of which is about 60 degrees F。; a uniform yellowish;

or light…brownish yellow; coloration is noticed

on the whole extent exposed to the vapor of

iodine; in the contrary case; the surface which has

been moistened; and afterwards dried in the open

air; is perfectly distinguished by a different and

well circumscribed tint。 On the papers into which

paste starch and resin have been introduced; the

stains present such delicate reactions that we may

sometimes distinguish by their color the portion of

paper which has been moistened with alcohol from

that which has been moistened with water。 The

stain produced by alcohol takes a bistre…yellow

tint; that formed by water is colored of a more or

less deep violet blue; the desiccation having been

effected at the ordinary temperature。 For the

stains occasioned on these same papers by other

aqueous liquids; the tint; apart from its intensity;

resembles that of the stains of pure water。 The

feeble or dilute acids act like water on the surface

of the same paper containing starch in its paste;

but the concentrated mineral acids; by altering

more or less the substances which enter into the

composition of the latter; give test to the stains

which present differences。 We are always able

to recognize by the action of the vapor of iodine

the parts of the paper which have been put in

contact with chemical agents; the energy of which

has been arrested by washing in cold water。 We

are able; on several ancient deeds; written on

stamped paper; and a few words of which had

been removed by us with chemical agents; to

recognize the places where their action was exerted;

to see and to measure the extent which they occupied

on the surface of the paper。



〃The testing of a paper with the vapor of

iodine will present this double advantage over the

methods hitherto practiced for detecting falsifications

in writings; that it points out at once the

place in the paper in which any alteration may be

suspected; and that; on the other hand; it enables

us to act afterwards with the reagents proper for

causing the reappearance of the traces of ink; when

that is possible。 If the means which we now propose

cannot always make the former writing

appear; they demonstrate the places where the

alterations must have been made; when; however;

the want of uniformity presented by the surface

of the paper is not explained by any circumstance。

This proof becomes; therefore; a weapon which

the guilty person cannot avoid。 But might not

the presence of a stain; or several stains; developed

by the vapor of iodine; in different parts of a public

or private deed; give rise to a suspicion; where

these stains have; perhaps; been occasioned by the

spilling of some liquid on the surface of the paper?

and would it not be rash and unjust to raise an

accusation from such a fact? There would indeed

be great temerity in drawing such a conclusion

from a fortuitous circumstance; but the inference

which may be drawn from the place occupied by

these stains on the surface of the paper; from the

more or less significant words found in those places;

would not permit an accusation to be so lightly

brought; where simple reasoning would be sufficient

to destroy its basis。 Besides; the subsequent reactions

which would be made would certainly never

revive words formerly written and effaced; whilst

the latter effects may be often produced; more or

less visibly; on those parts of the paper on which

falsification has been practiced; figures or words

being substituted for other figures or words。



〃2d。 The applications made to the surface of

a sheet of paper; with a view of covering it again

at certain parts with a fin

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