forty centuries of ink-第68章

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a　son　of　Samuel　Ireland；　who　was　a　distinguished

draughtsman　and　engraver；　about　the　end　of　the

eighteenth　century　fabricated　a　pretended　Shakespeare

MSS。；　which　as　a　literary　forgery　was　the

most　remarkable　of　its　time。　Previous　to　his　confessions

it　had　been　accepted　by　the　Shakespearean

scholars　as　unquestionably　the　work　of　the　immortal

bard。　The　following　is　a　citation　from　his　Confessions：



〃Being　thus　urged　forward　to　the　production　of

more　manuscripts；　it　became　necessary　that　I

should　posses；　a　sufficient　quantity　of　old　paper　to

enable　me　to　proceed；　in　consequence　of　which　I

applied　to　a　book…seller　named　Verey；　in　Great

May's　buildings；　St。　Martin's　Lane；　who；　for　the

sum　of　five　shillings；　suffered　me　to　take　from　all

the　folio　and　quarto　volumes　in　his　shop　the　fly

leaves　which　they　contained。　By　this　means　I　was

amply　stored　with　that　commoditynor　did　I　fear

any　mention　of　the　circumstance　by　Mr。　Verey；

whose　quiet；　unsuspecting　disposition；　I　was　well

convinced；　would　never　lead　him　to　make　the　transaction

public；　in　addition　to　which；　he　was　not

likely　even　to　know　anything　concerning　the　supposed

Shakespearean　discovery　by　myself；　and　even

if　he　had；　I　do　not　imagine　that　my　purchase　of

the　old　paper　in　question　would　have　excited　in

him　the　smallest　degree　of　suspicion。　As　I　was

fully　aware；　from　the　variety　of　water…marks；　which

are　in　existence　at　the　present　day；　that　they　must

have　constantly　been　altered　since　the　period　of

Elizabeth　and　being　for　some　time　wholly　unacquainted

with　the　water…marks　of　that　age；　I　very

carefully　produced　my　first　specimens　of　the

writing　on　such　sheets　of　old　paper　as　had　no

marks　whatever。　Having　heard　it　frequently　stated

that　the　appearance　of　such　marks　on　the　papers

would　have　greatly　tended　to　establish　their　validity；

I　listened　attentively　to　every　remark　which

was　made　upon　the　subject；　and　from　thence　I　at

length　gleaned　the　intelligence　that　a　jug　was　the

prevalent　water…mark　of　the　reign　of　Elizabeth；　in

consequence　of　which　I　inspected　all　the　sheets　of

old　paper　then　in　my　possession；　and　having　selected

such　as　had　the　jug　upon　them；　I　produced　the

succeeding　manuscripts　upon　these；　being　careful；

however；　to　mingle　with　them　a　certain　number　of

blank　leaves；　that　the　production　on　a　sudden　of　so

many　water…marks　might　not　excite　suspicion　in

the　breasts　of　those　persons　who　were　most　conversant

with　the　manuscripts。〃



Fuller；　writing　in　1662；　characterizes　the　paper　of

his　day：



〃Paper　participates　in　some　sort　of　the　character

of　the　country　which　makes　it；　the　Venetian

being　neat；　subtle；　and　court…like；　the　French

light；　slight；　and　slender；　and　the　Dutch　thick；

corpulent；　and　gross；　sticking　up　the　ink　with　the

sponginess　thereof。　And　he　complains　of　the

'vast　sums　of　money　expended　in　our　land　for

paper　out　of　Italy；　France；　and　Germany；　which

might　be　lessened　were　it　made　in　our　nation。'　〃



Ulman　Strother　in　1390　started　his　paper　mill　at

Nuremberg　in　Bavaria　which　was　the　first　paper

mill　known　to　have　been　established　in　Germany；　and

is　said　to　have　been　the　only　one　in　Europe　then

manufacturing　paper　from　linen　rags。



Among　the　privy　expenses　of　Henry　VII　of　the

year　1498　appears　the　following　entry：　〃A　reward

given　to　the　paper　mill；　16s。　8d。〃　This　is　probably

the　paper　mill　mentioned　by　Wynkin　de　Worde；　the

father　of　English　typography。　It　was　located　at

Hertford；　and　the　water　mark　he　employed　was　a　star

within　a　double　circle。



The　manufacture　of　paper　in　England　previous　to

the　revolution　of　1688　was　an　industry　of　very　small

proportions；　most　of　the　paper　being　imported　from

Holland。



The　first　paper　mill　established　in　America　was　by

William　Rittenhouse　who　emigrated　from　Holland

and　settled　in　Germantown；　Pa。；　in　1690。　At　Roxborough；

near　Philadelphia；　on　a　stream　afterwards

called　Paper　Mill　run；　which　empties　into　the　Wissahicken

river；　was　located　the　site　which　in　company

with　William　Bradford；　a　printer；　he　chose　for

his　mill。　The　paper　was　made　from　linen　rags；

mostly　the　product　of　flax　raised　in　the　vicinity　and

made　first　into　wearing　apparel。



It　was　Reaumer；　who　in　1719　first　suggested　the

possibility　of　paper　being　made　from　wood。　He

obtained　his　information　on　this　subject　from　examination

of　wasps'　nests。



Matthias　Koops　in　1800　published　a　work　on

〃Paper〃　made　from　straw；　wood　and　other　substances。

His　second　edition　appeared　in　1801　and

was　composed　of　old　paper　re…made　into　new。　Another

work　on　the　subject　of　〃Paper　from　Straw；　&c。；〃

by　Piette；　appeared　in　1835；　which　said　work　contains

more　than　a　hundred　pages；　each　one　of　which

was　made　from　a　different　kind　of　material。



Many　other　valuable　works　are　obtainable　which

treat　of　rag　paper　manufacture　and　the　stories　they

tell　are　instructive　as　well　as　interesting。







CHAPTER　XXXI。



MODERN　INK　BACKGROUNDS　（WOOD　PAPER　AND　〃SAFETY〃

PAPER）。



SOME　GENERAL　OBSERVATIONS　ABOUT　PAPER…MAKING

MATERIALSPROBABILITIES　AS　TO　THE　FUTURE　OF

THE　PUBLIC　RECORDSESTIMATION　OF　SUCH　MATTERS

BY　THE　LATE　POPEINVENTION　OF　WOOD…PULP　PAPER

ITS　LASTING　QUALITIESTHE　THREE　KINDS　OF　SUCH

PAPER　DEFINEDDISCUSSION　OF　THE　SUBJECT　OF

FUNGI　IN　PAPER　BY　GLYDESOME　TESTS　TO　ASCERTAIN

THE　MATERIAL　OF　WHICH　PAPER　IS　COMPOSED

TESTS　AS　TO　SIZING　AND　THE　DETERMINATION　OF　THE

DIRECTION　OF　THE　GRAINABSORBING　POWERS　OF

BLOTTING　PAPERTESTS　FOR　GROUND　WOODNEW

MODE　OF　ANALYSTSWHEN　THE　FIRST　〃SAFETY〃

PAPER　WAS　INVENTEDTHE　MANY　KINDS　OF　〃SAFETY〃

PAPER　AND　PROCESSES　IN　THEIR　MANUFACTURE

CHRONOLOGICAL　REVIEW　COVERING　THIS　SUBJECT

SURVEY　OF　THE　VARIOUS　PROCESSES　IN　THE　TREATMENT

AND　USE　OF　〃SAFETY〃　PAPERONLY　THREE

CHEMICAL　〃SAFETY〃　PAPERS　NOW　ON　THE　MARKET

WHY　IT　IS　POSSIBLE　TO　RAISE　SOME　MONETARY

INSTRUMENTS。



PAPER　manufacturers　have　tried　all　the　pulp…making

substances。　This　statement　to　the　unlearned　must

seem　curious；　because　in　the　very　early　times　they

were　content　with　a　single　material　and　that　did　not

even　require　to　be　first　made　into　the　form　of　pulp。

When　the　supply　of　papyrus　failed；　it　was　rags　which

they　substituted。　By　the　simplest　processes　they

produced　a　paper　with　which　our　best　cannot　compare。

In　some　countries　great　care　is　exercised　in

selecting　the　quality　of　paper　for　official　use；　in　others

none　at　all。



What　will　be　the　state　of　our　archives　a　few　hundred

years　hence；　if　they　be　not　continually　recopied？



Some　of　the　printed　paper　rots　even　more　quickly

than　written。



The　late　Pope　at　one　time　invited　many　of　the

savants；　chemists　and　librarians　of　Europe；　to　meet

at　Einsiedlen　Abbey　in　Switzerland。　He　requested

that　the　subject　of　their　discussions　should　be　both

ink　and　paper。　He　volunteered　the　information；

already　known　to　the　initiated；　that　the　records　of

this　generation　in　his　custody　and　under　his　control

were　fast　disappearing　and　unless　the　writing　materials

were　much　improved　he　estimated　that　they

would　entirely　disappear。　It　is　stated　that　at　this

meeting　the　Pope's　representative　submitted　a　number

of　documents　from　the　Vatican　archives　which

are　scarcely　decipherable　though　dated　in　the　nineteenth

century。　In　a　few　of　those　of　dates　later　than

1873　the　paper　was　so　tender　that　unless　handled

with　exceptional　care；　it　would　break　in　pieces　like

scorched　paper。



These　conditions　are　in　line　with　many　of　those

which　prevail　with　few　exceptions　in　every　country；

town　or　hamlet。



A　contributory　cause　as　we　know　is　a　class　of　poor

and　cheap　inks　now　in　almost　universal　use。　The

other　is　the　so…called　〃modern〃　or　wood…pulp　paper

in　general　vogue。



Reaumur；　as　already　stated；　back　in　1719　suggested

from　information　gathered　in　examinations　of　wasps'

nests；　that　a　paper　might　be　manufactured　from

wood。　This　idea　does　not　appear　to　have　been　a