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第73章

forty centuries of ink-第73章

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century by Vladimir the Great; brought with it many

words of Greek origin。 Printing was introduced there

about the middle of the sixteenth century。 The oldest

printed book which has been discovered is a Sclavonic

psalter; the date Kiev; 1551; two years after a press

was established in Moscow。



It is said that the skins of 300 sheep were used in

every copy of the first printed Bible。 Hence the old

saying; 〃It takes a flock of sheep to write a book。〃



What would have been the comment in olden times;

to learn that it takes almost a forest of trees to print

the Sunday edition of some of our great newspapers?



Wax (shoemakers') was first employed on

documents A。 D。 1213; although it was white wax which

was used to seal the magna charta; granted to the

English barons by King John; A。 D。 1215。 In 1445

red wax was much employed in England; but the earliest

specimen of red sealing wax extant is found on

a letter dated August 3; 1554。



Pliny enumerates and describes eight different

kinds of papyrus paper:



1。 Charter hieraticasacred paper; used only for

books on religion。 From adulation of Augustus it

was also called charta augusta and charta livia。



2。 Charta amphitheatricafrom the place where it

was fabricated。



3。 Charta fanniafrom Fannius; the manufacturer。



4。 Charta saiticafrom Sais in Egypt。 This appears

to have been a coarser kind。



5。 Charta toenioticafrom the place where made;

now Damietta。 This was also of a less fine quality。



6。 Charta claudia。 This was an improvement of

the charta hieratica; which was too fine。



7。 Charta emporitica。 A coarse paper for parcels。



There was also a paper called macrocollum; which

was of a very large size。



Of all these; he says; the charta claudia was the best。



The ink…written rolls of papyrus were placed vertically

in a cylindrical box called capsula。 It is very

evident that a great number of such volumes might

be comprised in this way within a small space; and

this may tend to explain the smallness of the rooms

which are considered to have been used for containing

the ancient libraries。



At Mentz; in Upper Germany; is a leaf of parchment

on which are fairly written twelve different kinds of

handwritings in six different inks also a variety of

miniatures and drawings curiously done with a pen

by one Theodore Schubiker; who was born without

hands and performed the work with his feet。



In Rome the very plate of brass on which the laws

of the ten tables are written is still to be seen。



Stylographic inks should not be used upon records;

most of them are aniline。 The absence of solid matter;

which makes them desirable for the stylographic

pen; unfits them for records。



Never add water to ink。 While an ink which has

water as its base might; under certain conditions bear

the addition of an amount equal to that lost by evaporation;

as a rule the ink particles which have become

injured will not assimilate again。



One of the best methods to cleanse a steel pen after

use; is to stick it in a raw (white) potato。



Inks which are recommended as permanent; because

water will not remove them; while it does immediately

obliterate others; may not be permanent as against

time。 These inks may be the best for monetary purposes;

but; owing to an excess of acid in them; may

be dangerous in time to the paper。



It is interesting; since coal tar has acquired so important

a position in the arts; to trace how its various

products successively rose in value。 The prices in

Paris; as given by M。 Parisal in 1861; are as follows:



 Coal;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 1/4 c。 per lb。

 Coal tar;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 3/4  〃      〃

 Heavy coal oil;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 2 1/2 a 3 3/4  〃      〃

 Light coal oil;。。。。。。。。。。。。。 6 3/4 a 10 1 /4 〃      〃

 Benzole;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 10 1/2 a 13 〃      〃

 Crude nitro…benzole;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 57 a 61 〃      〃

 Rectified nitro…benzole;。。。。。。。。。。。。 82 a 96 〃      〃

 Ordinary aniline;。。。。。。。。。。。。。 3。27 a 4。90 〃      〃

 Liquid aniline violet;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 28 a 41 〃      〃

 Carmine aniline violet;。。。。。。。 32 c。 a 1。92         〃

 Pure aniline violet; in powder;。。。。 245 a 326。88   〃



The last is equal to the price of gold。 And so; says

M。 Parisal; from coal; carried to its tenth power; we

have gold; the diamond is to come。



Modern chemistry offers many formulas and

methods of rendering visible secret or sympathetic

inks。 Writing made with any of the following solutions;

and permitted to dry; is invisible。 Treatment

by the means cited will render them visible。






     Solution。               After treatment。   Color produced。

 Acetate of lead。          Sulphuret of potassiurin。   Brown。

 Gold in nitrohydroChloric acid。   Tin in same acid。   Purple。

 Nut…galls。                        Sulphate of iron。   Black。

 Dilute sulphuric acid。            Heat。               Black。

 Cobalt in dilute                  Heat。               Green。

    nitrohydrochloric acid。

 Lemon juice。                      Heat。               Brown。

 Oxide of copper in                Heat。               Blue。

     acetic acid and salt

 Nitrate of bismuth。           Infusions of Nutgalls。  Brown。

 Common starch。                    Iodine in alcohol。  Purple。

 Colorless iodine。                 Chloride of lime。   Brown。

 Phenolphtalin。                    Alkaline solution。  Red。

 Vanadium。                         Pyrogallic acid。    Purple。





The Patent Office at Washington; D。 C。; for more

than forty years employed a violet copying ink made

of logwood。 From 1853 until 1878 it was furnished

by the Antoines of Paris; of the brand termed

〃Imperial;〃 in later years it was supplied by the Fabers。

Since 1896 they have been using 〃combined〃 writing

fluids。



The following facts elicited by the unrollment of a

mummy at Bristol; England; in 1853; were communicated

to the Philosophical Magazine; by Dr。 Herapath。

He says:



〃On three of the bandages were hieroglyphical

characters of a dark color; as well defined as if

written with a modern pen; where the marking fluid

had flowed more copiously than the characters required;

the texture of the cloth had become decomposed

and small holes had resulted。 I have no

doubt that the bandages were genuine; and had

not been disturbed or unfolded; the color of the

marks were so similar to those of the present

'marking ink;' that I was induced to try if they

were produced by silver。 With the blowpipe I

immediately obtained a button of that metal; the

fibre of the linen I proved by the microscope; and

by chemical reagents; to be linen; it is therefore

certain that the ancient Egyptians were acquainted

with the means of dissolving silver; and of applying

it as a permanent ink; but what was their solvent?

I know of none that would act on the

metal and decompose flax fibre but nitric acid;

which we have been told was unknown until discovered

by the alchemist in the thirteenth century;

which was about 2200 years after the date of this

mummy; according as its superscription was read。



〃The Yellow color of the fine linen cloths which

had not been stained by the embalming materials;

I found to be the natural coloring matter of the

flax; they therefore did not; if we judge from this

specimen; practice bleaching。 There were; in some

of the bandages near the selvage; some twenty or

thirty blue threads; these were dyed by indigo;

but the tint was not so deep nor so equal as the

work of the modern dyers; the color had been

given it in the skein。



〃One of the outer bandages was of a reddish

color; which dye I found to be vegetable; but could

not individualize it; Mr。 T。 J。 Herapath analyzed

it for tin and alumina; but could not find any。

The face and internal surfaces of the orbits had

been painted white; which pigment I ascertained

to be finely pow

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