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第14章

the origins of contemporary france-4-第14章

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of temporary corps of directors sent into each department with

unlimited powers;'128' next; a body of national agents; a sort of

permanent body of sub…delegates; through whom in each district and

municipality it replaces the procureurs…syndics。'129'  To this army of

functionaries is added in each town; bourg or large village; a

revolutionary committee; paid three francs a day per member; charged

with the application of its decrees; and required to make reports

thereon。  Never before was such a vast and closely woven network cast

from above to envelope and keep captive twenty…six million people。

Such is the real constitution which the Jacobins substitute for the

constitution they have prepared for show。  In the arsenal of the

monarchy which they destroyed they took the most despotic institutions

… centralization; Royal Council; lieutenants of police; special

tribunals; intendants and sub…delegates; they disinterred the antique

Roman law of lèse…majesty; refurbished old blades which civilization

had dulled; aiming them at every throat and now wielded at random

against liberties; property and lives。  It is called the

〃revolutionary government;〃 according to official statements it is to

last until peace is secured; in the minds of genuine Jacobins it must

continue until all the French have been regenerated in accordance with

the formula。

____________________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1' Titus Flavious Clemens; (Greek writer born in Athens around 150

and dead in Cappadoce in 250) He lived in Alexandria。  (SR)。



'2' The words of Marat。



'3' After the Constitution is completed; said Legendre; in the Jacobin

club; we will make the federalists dance。



'4' Archives Nationales; F。I。C。。  56; (Circular of Gohier; Minister of

Justice; to the French people; July 6; 1793)。  〃Certain persons are

disposed to pervert the events of May 31 and June 2; by atrocious

exaggerations and the grossest fables; and prevent the fortunate

results they present from being seen。  They are absolutely determined

to see nothing but violations of the liberty of the people's

representatives in a step which was specially designed to hasten on

the Constitutional Act on which the liberty of all is established。  Of

what consequence is it who are the authors of the Constitution

presented to you? What does it matter whether it issues from a

mountain amidst lightning and the rolling thunder; like the Tables of

the Law given to the Hebrews; or whether it comes; like the laws given

to the early Romans; inspired in the tranquil asylum of a divinity

jealous of his religious surroundings? Is this constitution worthy of

a free people? That is the only question which citizens who wear the

livery of no party need examine!〃



'5' Buchez et Roux; XXVIII。; 177。  (report by Hérault Séchelles; June

10; 1793)。  Ibid; XXXI。; 400。  (Text of constitution submitted to

discussion June 11th; and passed June 24th。)



'6' De Sybel; II。; 331。  (According to the facsimile published in the

Quarterly Review)。  〃Hérault says that he and four of his colleagues

are ordered to furnish the draft of a constitution by Monday。〃



'7' Report by Hérault…Séchelles。  (Buchez et Roux; XXVIII。  178。)



'8' Buchez et Roux; XXXI; 400。  (Articles of the Declaration of

Rights; 1; 7; 9; 11; 27; 31; 35)



'9' Buchez et Roux; XXVIII。; 178。  Report by Hérault…Séchelles。  〃Each

of us had the same desire; that of attaining to the greatest

democratic result。  The sovereignty of the people and the dignity of

man were constantly in our minds。  。  。  A secret sentiment tells us

that our work is perhaps the most popular that ever existed。〃



'10' Archives Nationales; B。  II。; 23。  (Table of votes by the

commission appointed to collect the procès…verbaux of the adoption of

the constitution; August 20; 1793。)  Number of primary assemblies

sending in their procès…verbaux; 6;589 (516 cantons have not yet sent

theirs in)。   Number of voters on call; 1;795;908; Yes; 1;784;377;

Noes; 11;531。 Number of primary assemblies voting Yes unanimously;

not on call of names; 297。   At Paris; 40;990 voters; at Troyes;

2;491; at Limoges; 2;137。   Cf。  For details and motives of

abstention; Sauzay IV。  pp。  157…161。  Albert Babeau; II; pp。  83 and

84。  Moniteur; XVII。; 375 (speech by the representative Desvars)。



'11' Ibid。; Moniteur; XVII。; 20。  (report by Barrère on the

convocation of the primary assemblies; June 17; 1793。) Ibid。; 102

(Report of Cambon; July 11)。  〃It is now a fortnight since you

demanded a Constitution。  Very well; here it is 。  。  。  。  Respect

for persons and property is amply secured in it。  Yes; more definitely

than in any other constitution。  Does it provide for its own revision?

Yes; for in six weeks; we can convoke the primary assemblies and

express our desire for the reform that may appear necessary。  … Will

the popular wish be respected? Yes; the people then will make

definitive laws。〃



'12' Guillon de Montléon; I。; 282; 309。   Buchez et Roux; XXVIII;

356; 357 (Journal de Lyon Nos。  223 and 224。) 〃The acceptance of the

Constitution was neither entire nor very sincere; people took credit

to themselves for accepting a vicious and sketchy production。〃

Meillan; 〃Mémoires;〃 120。  (In July he leaves Caen for Quimper)。

〃Although we were assured that we should pass only through Maratist

towns; we had the satisfaction of finding nearly all the inhabitants

regarding Marat with horror。  They had indeed accepted the

Constitution offered by the Committee of Public Safety; but solely to

end the matter and on conditions which would speak well for them; for;

everywhere the renewal of the Convention was exacted and the

punishment of assaults made on it。〃 This desire; and others analogous

to it; are given in the procès…verbaux of many of the primary

assemblies (Archives Nationales; B。  II。; 23); for example; in those

of the thirteen cantons of Ain。  A demand is made; furthermore; for

the reintegration of the Twenty…two; the abolition of the

revolutionary tribunal; the suppression of absolute proconsulates; the

organization of a department guard for securing the future of the

Convention; the discharge of the revolutionary army; etc。



'13' Moniteur; XVII。; 20。  Report of Barère: 〃The Constitutional act

is going to draw the line between republicans and royalists。〃



'14' Archives Nationales; F。I。C。; 54。  (Circular of the Minister;

Gohier; July 6; 1793。) 〃It is to…day that; summoned to the alter of

the country; those who desire the Republic will be known by name; and

those who do not desire it; whether they speak or keep silent; will be

equally known。〃



'15' Sauzay; IV。; 160; 161。  (Article by the Vidette。) Consequently;

〃all the unconstitutionalists nobles and priests considered it a duty

to go the assemblies and joyfully accept a constitution which

guaranteed liberty and property to everybody。〃



'16' 〃Journal des Débats de la Société des Jacobins;〃 No。  For July

27; 1793 (correspondence; No。  122)。



'17' Moniteur; XVII。; 156; 163。



'18' Sauzay; IV。; 158: 〃The motives for judgments were thus stated by

judges themselves。〃



'19' Moniteur; XVII。; 40; 48; 72; 140; 175; 194; 263。  (Cf。  Speeches

by Chaumette; July 14; and Report by Gossoin; August 9)。  … Archives

Nationales; B。  II。; 23。  Negative votes in Ardèche 5; in Aude 5;

Moselle 5; Sa?ne…et…Loire 5; C?te…d'Or 4; Creuse 4; Haut…Rhin 4; Gers

4; Haute…Garonne 3; Aube 2; Bouches…du…Rh?ne 2; Cantal 2; Basses…Alpes

1; Haute…Marne 1; Haute…Vienne 1; Var 0; Seine 0。  … The details and

circumstances of voting are curious。  In the department of Aube; at

Troyes; the second section in agreement with the third; excluded

〃suspects〃 from the vote。  At Paris; the section 〃Gardes Fran?aise;

Fourcroy president; announces 1;714 voters; of which 1;678 are

citizens and 36 citoyennes。  In the 〃Mont Blanc〃 section; the

secretary signs as follows: T

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