the origins of contemporary france-4-第147章
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were numerous。 （Moselle。） 〃Out of six hundred and eighty…six
communes； one hundred and seven have divided per capitum； five hundred
and seventy…nine by families； and one hundred and nineteen have
remained intact。〃
＇19＇ Ibid。 （Moselle。） Births largely increase in 1792。 〃But this is
an exceptional year。 All kinds of abuses； paper…money； the non…
payment of taxes and claims； the partition in the communes； the sale
for nothing of national possessions； has spread so much comfort among
the people that the poorer classes； who are the most numerous； have
had no dread of increasing their families1 to which they hope some day
to leave their fields and render them happy。〃
＇20＇ Mallet…Dupan； 〃Memoires；〃 II。； 29。 （February 1； 1794。） 〃The late
crop in France was generally good； and； in some provinces； it was
above the average。。。 I have seen the statements of two returns made
from twenty…seven departments； they declare an excess of fifteen；
twenty； thirty and thirty…five thousand bushels of grain。 There is no
real dearth。〃
＇21＇ Schmidt； ibid。； I。； 110； and following pages。 … Buchez et Roux；
XX。； 416。 （Speeches of Lequinio； November 27； 1792。） … Moniteur；
XVII。； 2。 （Letter by Clement； Puy…de…Dome； June 15； 1793。） 〃For the
past fifteen days bread has been worth sixteen and eighteen sous the
pound。 There is the most frightful distress in our mountains。 The
government distributes one…eighth of a bushel to each person；
everybody being obliged to wait two days to take his turn。 One woman
was smothered and several were wounded。〃
＇22＇ Cf。 〃La Revolution；〃 I。； 208； II。； 294； 205； 230。 … Buchez et
Roux； XX。； 431。 （Report of Lecointe…Puyraveau； Nov。 30； 1792。） （Mobs
of four； five and six thousand men in the departments of Eure…et…
Loire； Eure； Orme； Calvados； Indre…et…Loire； Loiret； and Sarthe cut
down the prices of produce。 The three delegates of the Convention
disposed to interfere have their lives saved only on condition of
announcing the rate dictated to them。 … Ibid。； 409。 （Letter of
Roland； Nov。27； 1792。） … XXI。； 198。 （Another letter by Roland； Dec。
6； 1792。） 〃All convoys are stopped at Lissy； la Ferté； Milan； la
Ferté…sous…Jouarre 。 。 。 Carts loaded with wheat going to Paris
have been forced to go back near Lonjumeau and near Meaux。〃
＇23＇ Archives Nationales； F。 7； 3265。 （Letter of David； cultivator；
and administrator of the department of Seine…Inférieure； Oct。11； 1792；
letter of the special committee of Rouen； Oct。22； letter of the
delegates of the executive power； Oct。20； etc。） 〃Reports from all
quarters state that the farmers who drive to market are considered and
treated in their parishes as aristocrats。 。 。 。 。 Each department
keeps to itself： they mutually repel each other。〃
＇24＇ Buchez et Roux； XX。； 409。 （Letter of Roland； Nov。 271 1792。）
〃The circulation of grain has for a long time encountered the greatest
obstacles； scarcely a citizen now dares to do that business。〃 … Ibid。；
417。 （Speech by Lequinio。） 〃The monopoly of wheat by land…owners and
farmers is almost universal。 Fright is the cause of it。 。 。 。
And where does this fear come from？ From the general agitation； and
threats； with the bad treatment in many places of the farmers； land…
owners and traffickers in wheat known as bladiers。〃 … Decrees of
Sep。16； 1792； and May 4； 1793。
＇25＇ Buchez et Roux； XIX。 （Report by Cambon； Sep。22； 1792。） 〃The
taxes no longer reach the public treasury； because they are used for
purchasing grain in the departments。〃 Ibid。； XIX。； 29。 （Speech by
Cambon； Oct。12； 1792。） 〃You can bear witness in your departments to
the sacrifices which well…to…do people have been obliged to make in
helping the poor class。 In many of the towns extra taxes have been
laid for the purchase of grain and for a thousand other helpful
measures。〃
＇26＇ Buchez et Roux； XX。； 409。 （Letter of Roland； Nov。29； 1792） …
XXI。； 199。 （Deliberations of the provisional executive council； Sep。
3； 1792。） … Dauban； 〃La Demagogie en 1793；〃 p。 64。 （Diary kept by
Beaulieu。） Ibid。； 152。）
＇27＇ Schmidt； I。； 110…130。 … Decrees against the export of coin or
ingots； Sep。 5 and 15； 1792。…Decree on stocks or bonds payable to
bearer； Aug。14； 1792。
＇28＇ We might today call this sentiment a desire to acquire and
retain。 （Sentiment of acquisiton）。 （SR。）
＇29＇ Taine's remark in a footnote。 （SR。）
＇30＇ Archives Nationales； D。； 55； I。； file 2。 （Letter by Joifroy；
national agent in the district of Bar…sur…Aube； Germinal 5； year III。）
〃Most of the farmers； to escape the requisition； have sold their
horses and replaced them with oxen。〃 … Memoirs （in ms。） of M。 Dufort
de Cheverney （communicated by M。 Robert de Crévec？ur）。 In June；
1793； 〃the requisitions fall like hail； every week； on wheat； hay；
straw； oats； etc。；〃 all at prices fixed by the contractors； who make
deductions； postpone and pay with difficulty。 Then come requisitions
for hogs。 〃This was depriving all the country folks of what they
lived on。〃 As the requisitions called for live hogs； there was a hog
St。 Bartholomew。 Everybody killed his pig and salted it down。〃
（Environs of Blois。） In relation to refusing to gather in crops； see
further on。 … Dauban； 〃Paris in 1794； p。229。 （Ventose 24； general
orders by Henriot。） 〃Citizen Guillon being on duty outside the walls；
saw with sorrow that citizens were cutting their wheat to feed rabbits
with。〃
＇31＇ Decree of Messidor 23； year II。； on the consolidation with the
national domain of the assets and liabilities of hospitals and other
charitable institutions。 （See reports of prefets on the effect of
this law； on the ruin of the hospitals； on the misery of the sick； of
foundlings and the infirm； from years IX。 to XIII。） … Decrees of
August 8 and 12； 1793； and July 24； 1794； on academies and literary
societies。 … Decree of August 24； 1793； § 29； on the assets and
liabilities of communes。
＇32＇ Schmidt； I。； 144。 （Two billions September 27； 1793； one billion
four hundred millions June 19； 1794。） … Decree of August 24； September
13； 1793； on the conversion of title…deeds and the formation of the
Grand Ledger。 … Decrees of July 31； August 30 and September 5； on
calling in the assignats à face royale。 … Decrees of August 1 and
September 5； 1793； on the refusal to accept assignats at par。
＇33＇ Archives Nationales； F。7； 4421。 （Documents on the revolutionary
taxes organized at Troyes； Brumaire 11； year II。） Three hundred and
seventy…three persons are taxed； especially manufacturers； merchants
and land…owners； the minimum of the tax is one hundred francs； the
maximum fifty thousand francs； the total being one million seven
hundred and sixty…two thousand seven hundred francs。 Seventy…six
petitions attached to the papers show exactly the situation of things
in relation to trade； manufactures and property； the state of fortunes
and credit of the upper and lower bourgeois class。
＇34＇ Mallet…Dupan； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。； 17。 〃I have seen the thirty…
second list of émigrés at Marseilles； merely of those whose
possessions have been confiscated and sold； there are twelve thousand
of them； and the lists were not finished。〃 … Reports of préfets。 （Var
by Fanchet； year IX。） 〃The emigration of 1793 throws upon Leghorn and
the whole Italian coast a very large number of Marseilles and Toulon
traders。 These men； generally industrious； have established （there）
more than one hundred and sixty soap factories and opened a market for
the oil of this region。 This event may be likened to the Revocation
of the Edict of Nantes。〃 … Cf。 the reports on the departments of the
Rh？ne； Aude； Lot and Garonne； Lower Pyrenees； Orme； etc。
＇35＇ Archives des Affaires étrangères； vol。 332。 （Letter of
Désgranges； Bordeaux； Brumaire 12； year II。） 〃Nobody here talks about
trade any more than if it had never existed。〃
＇36＇ Dr。 Ja？n； 〃Choix de documents et lettres priv�
