the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及32嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
known only in part�察�but he put within the reach of his contemporaries the
whole science of Aristotle�察 �and imbibed no small part of his spirit。 He
recognized the importance of the study of nature�察�even of testing it by way
of experiment�察�and in the long years that had elapsed since Theophrastus
no one else�察�except Dioscorides�察�had made so thorough a study of botany。
His paraphrases of the natural history books of Aristotle were immensely
popular�察 �and served as a basis for all subsequent studies。 Some of his
medical works had an extraordinary vogue�察�particularly the ;De Secretis
Mulierum; and the ;De Virtutibus Herbarum�察─�but there is some doubt as
to the authorship of the first named�察�although Jammy and Borgnet include
it in the collected editions of his works。 So fabulous was his learning that
he was suspected of magic and comes in Naude's list of the wise men who
have unjustly been reputed magicians。 Ferguson tells��22�А�that ;there is in
actual circulation at the present time a chapbook。 。 。 containing charms�察�
receipts�察�sympathetical and magicalcures for man and animals�察 � 。 。 which
passes under the name of Albertus。; But perhaps the greatest claim of
Albertus to immortality is that he was the teacher and inspirer of Thomas
Aquinas�察�the man who undertook the colossal task of fusing Aristotelian
philosophy with Christian theology�察 �and with such success that the
;angelic doctor; remains today the supreme human authority of the
Roman Catholic Church。
��22�А�Bibliotheca Chemica�察�1906�察�Vol。 I�察�p。 15。
A man of much greater interest to us from the medical point of view
is Roger Bacon and for two reasons。 More than any other mediaeval mind
he saw the need of the study of nature by a new method。 The man who
could write such a sentence as this�此 �Experimental science has three great
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prerogatives over other sciences�察 �it verifies conclusions by direct
experiment�察�it discovers truth which they never otherwise would reach�察�it
investigates the course of nature and opens to us a knowledge of the past
and of the future�察─�is mentally of our day and generation。 Bacon was born
out of due time�察 �and his contemporaries had little sympathy with his
philosophy�察 �and still less with his mechanical schemes and inventions。
From the days of the Greeks�察�no one had had so keen an appreciation of
what experiment meant in the development of human knowledge�察�and he
was obsessed with the idea�察�so commonplace to us�察�that knowledge should
have its utility and its practical bearing。 ;His chief merit is that he was one
of the first to point the way to original researchas opposed to the
acceptance of an authoritythough he himself still lacked the means of
pursuing this path consistently。 His inability to satisfy this impulse led to a
sort of longing�察�which is expressed in the numerous passages in his works
where he anticipates man's greater mastery over nature。;��23�А�
��23�А�Dannemann�此 �Die Naturwissenschaften in ihrer Entwicklung und
in ibrem Zusammenhange��Leipzig�察�1910�察�Vol。 I�察�pp。 278´279。
Bacon wrote a number of medical treatises�察�most of which remain in
manuscript。 His treatise on the ;Cure of Old Age and the Preservation of
Youth; was printed in English in 1683。��24�А �His authorities were largely
Arabian。 One of his manuscripts is ;On the Bad Practices of Physicians。;
On June 10�察 �1914�察 �the eve of his birth�察 �the septencentenary of Roger
Bacon will be celebrated by Oxford�察�the university of which he is the most
distinguished ornament。 His unpublished MSS。 in the Bodleian will be
issued by the Clarendon Press ��1915´1920�В察 �and it is hoped that his
unpublished medical writings will be included。
��24�А �It may be interesting to note the three causes to which he
attributes old age�此 �As the World waxeth old�察�Men grow old with it�此�not by
reason of the Age of the World�察�but because of the great Increase of living
Creatures�察�which infect the very Air�察�that every way encompasseth us�察�and
Through our Negligence in ordering our Lives�察�and That great Ignorance
of the Properties which are in things conducing to Health�察 �which might
help a disordered way of Living�察 �and might supply the defect of due
Government。;
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What would have been its fate if the mind of Europe had been ready
for Roger Bacon's ferment�察�and if men had turned to the profitable studies
of physics�察�astronomy and chemistry instead of wasting centuries over the
scholastic philosophy and the subtleties of Duns Scotus�察 �Abelard and
Thomas Aquinas�拭 �Who can say�拭 �Make no mistake about the quality of
these mengiants in intellect�察�who have had their place in the evolution of
the race�察�but from the standpoint of man struggling for the mastery of this
world they are like the members of Swift's famous college ;busy distilling
sunshine from cucumbers。; I speak�察 �of course�察 �from the position of the
natural man�察�who sees for his fellows more hope from the experiments of
Roger Bacon than from the disputations of philosophy on the ;Instants�察�
Familiarities�察 �Quiddities and Relations�察─ �which so roused the scorn of
Erasmus。
MEDIAEVAL MEDICAL STUDIES
IT will be of interest to know what studies were followed at a
mediaeval university。 At Oxford�察�as at most of the continental universities�察�
there were three degrees�察 �those of Bachelor�察 �Licentiate and Doctor。 The
books read were the ;Tegni; of Galen�察 �the ;Aphorisms; of Hippocrates�察�
the ;De Febribus; of Isaac and the ;Antidotarium; of Nicolaus
Salernitanus�此�if a graduate in arts�察�six years' study in all was required�察�in
other faculties�察�eight。 One gets very full information on such matters from
a most interesting book�察 �Une Chaire de Medecine au XVe Siecle�察─�by Dr。
Ferrari ��Paris�察�1899��。 The University of Pavia was founded in 1361�察�and
like most of those in Italy was largely frequented by foreigners�察�who were
arranged�察�as usual�察�according to their nationalities�察�but the students do not
appear to have controlled the university quite so much as at Bologna。 The
documents of the Ferrari family�察�on which the work is based�察�tell the story
of one of its members�察 �who was professor at Pavia from 1432 to 1472。
One is surprised at the range of studies in certain directions�察�and still more
at the absence of other subjects。 A list is given of the teachers in medicine
for the year 1433�察 �twenty in all�察 �and there were special lectures for the
morning�察 �afternoon and evening。 The subjects are medicine�察 �practical
medicine�察 �physics�察 �metaphysics�察 �logic�察 �astrology�察 �surgery and rhetoric�此�
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very striking is the omission of anatomy�察�which does not appear in the list
even in 1467。 The salaries paid were not large�察�so that most of the teachers
must have been in practice�此�four hundred and five hundred florins was the
maximum。
The dominance of the Arabians is strikin