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the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及32嫗

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known only in part�察�but he put within the reach of his contemporaries the 

whole   science   of   Aristotle�察  �and   imbibed   no   small   part   of   his   spirit。   He 

recognized the importance of the study of nature�察�even of testing it by way 

of experiment�察�and in the long years that had elapsed since Theophrastus 

no one else�察�except Dioscorides�察�had made so thorough a study of botany。 

His paraphrases of the natural history books of Aristotle were immensely 

popular�察  �and   served   as   a   basis   for   all   subsequent   studies。   Some   of   his 

medical works had an extraordinary vogue�察�particularly the ;De   Secretis 

Mulierum; and the ;De Virtutibus Herbarum�察─�but there is some doubt as 

to the authorship of the first named�察�although Jammy and Borgnet include 

it in the collected editions of his works。 So fabulous was his learning that 

he was suspected of magic and comes in Naude's list of the wise men who 

have unjustly been reputed magicians。 Ferguson tells��22�А�that ;there is in 

actual   circulation   at   the   present   time   a   chapbook。   。   。   containing   charms�察�

receipts�察�sympathetical and magicalcures for man and animals�察 � 。 。 which 

passes   under   the   name   of   Albertus。;   But   perhaps   the   greatest   claim   of 

Albertus to immortality is that he was the teacher and inspirer of Thomas 

Aquinas�察�the man who undertook the colossal task of fusing Aristotelian 

philosophy      with    Christian    theology�察   �and   with   such    success    that  the 

;angelic     doctor;    remains    today    the  supreme     human     authority    of  the 

Roman Catholic Church。 

     ��22�А�Bibliotheca Chemica�察�1906�察�Vol。 I�察�p。 15。 

       A man of much greater interest to us from the medical point of view 

is Roger Bacon and for two reasons。 More than any other mediaeval mind 

he saw the need of the study of nature by a new method。 The man who 

could write such a sentence as this�此 �Experimental science has three great 



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prerogatives       over   other    sciences�察    �it  verifies   conclusions      by    direct 

experiment�察�it discovers truth which they never otherwise would reach�察�it 

investigates the course of nature and opens to us a knowledge of the past 

and of the future�察─�is mentally of our day and generation。 Bacon was born 

out   of   due   time�察  �and   his  contemporaries   had      little  sympathy   with     his 

philosophy�察  �and   still   less   with   his   mechanical   schemes   and   inventions。 

From the days of the Greeks�察�no one had had so keen an appreciation of 

what experiment meant in the development of human knowledge�察�and he 

was obsessed with the idea�察�so commonplace to us�察�that knowledge should 

have its utility and its practical bearing。 ;His chief merit is that he was one 

of   the   first  to  point   the  way    to  original   researchas     opposed     to  the 

acceptance   of   an   authoritythough   he   himself   still   lacked   the   means   of 

pursuing this path consistently。 His inability to satisfy this impulse led to a 

sort of longing�察�which is expressed in the numerous passages in his works 

where he anticipates man's greater mastery over nature。;��23�А�

     ��23�А�Dannemann�此  �Die  Naturwissenschaften   in ihrer  Entwicklung   und 

in ibrem Zusammenhange��Leipzig�察�1910�察�Vol。 I�察�pp。 278´279。 

     Bacon wrote a number of medical treatises�察�most of which remain in 

manuscript。 His treatise on the ;Cure of Old Age and the Preservation of 

Youth;   was   printed   in   English   in   1683。��24�А  �His   authorities   were   largely 

Arabian。 One of his manuscripts is ;On the Bad Practices of Physicians。; 

On   June   10�察  �1914�察  �the   eve   of   his   birth�察  �the   septencentenary   of   Roger 

Bacon will be celebrated by Oxford�察�the university of which he is the most 

distinguished   ornament。   His   unpublished   MSS。   in   the   Bodleian   will   be 

issued    by   the   Clarendon     Press    ��1915´1920�В察    �and    it  is  hoped   that  his 

unpublished medical writings will be included。 

     ��24�А   �It  may    be  interesting    to  note   the   three   causes    to  which    he 

attributes old age�此 �As the World waxeth old�察�Men grow old with it�此�not by 

reason of the Age of the World�察�but because of the great Increase of living 

Creatures�察�which infect the very Air�察�that every way encompasseth us�察�and 

Through our Negligence in ordering our Lives�察�and That great Ignorance 

of   the   Properties   which   are   in   things   conducing   to   Health�察  �which   might 

help   a   disordered   way   of   Living�察  �and   might   supply   the   defect   of   due 

Government。; 



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       What would have been its fate if the mind of Europe had been ready 

for Roger Bacon's ferment�察�and if men had turned to the profitable studies 

of physics�察�astronomy and chemistry instead of wasting centuries over the 

scholastic     philosophy     and   the   subtleties   of  Duns    Scotus�察   �Abelard    and 

Thomas Aquinas�拭  �Who   can   say�拭  �Make   no   mistake   about   the   quality   of 

these mengiants in intellect�察�who have had their place in the evolution of 

the race�察�but from the standpoint of man struggling for the mastery of this 

world they are like the members of Swift's famous college ;busy distilling 

sunshine   from   cucumbers。;   I   speak�察  �of   course�察  �from   the   position   of   the 

natural man�察�who sees for his fellows more hope from the experiments of 

Roger   Bacon   than   from   the   disputations   of   philosophy   on   the   ;Instants�察�

Familiarities�察  �Quiddities   and   Relations�察─  �which   so   roused   the   scorn   of 

Erasmus。 



                  MEDIAEVAL MEDICAL STUDIES 



     IT   will   be   of  interest   to  know     what    studies   were    followed    at   a 

mediaeval university。 At Oxford�察�as at most of the continental universities�察�

there   were   three   degrees�察  �those   of   Bachelor�察  �Licentiate   and   Doctor。   The 

books   read   were  the  ;Tegni;   of   Galen�察 �the   ;Aphorisms;   of   Hippocrates�察�

the    ;De     Febribus;     of   Isaac    and    the   ;Antidotarium;        of   Nicolaus 

Salernitanus�此�if a graduate in arts�察�six years' study in all was required�察�in 

other faculties�察�eight。 One gets very full information on such matters from 

a most interesting book�察 �Une Chaire de Medecine au XVe Siecle�察─�by Dr。 

Ferrari ��Paris�察�1899��。 The University of Pavia was founded in 1361�察�and 

like most of those in Italy was largely frequented by foreigners�察�who were 

arranged�察�as usual�察�according to their nationalities�察�but the students do not 

appear to have controlled the university quite so much as at Bologna。 The 

documents of the Ferrari family�察�on which the work is based�察�tell the story 

of   one   of   its   members�察  �who   was   professor   at   Pavia   from   1432   to   1472。 

One is surprised at the range of studies in certain directions�察�and still more 

at the absence of other subjects。 A list is given of the teachers in medicine 

for   the   year   1433�察  �twenty   in   all�察  �and   there   were   special   lectures   for   the 

morning�察     �afternoon    and    evening。    The   subjects    are  medicine�察    �practical 

medicine�察     �physics�察  �metaphysics�察     �logic�察  �astrology�察  �surgery    and   rhetoric�此�



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very striking is the omission of anatomy�察�which does not appear in the list 

even in 1467。 The salaries paid were not large�察�so that most of the teachers 

must have been in practice�此�four hundred and five hundred florins was the 

maximum。 

     The   dominance   of   the Arabians   is   strikin

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