±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä) >

µÚ58ÕÂ

the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)-µÚ58ÕÂ

С˵£º the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡






¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡165¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡166¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



healthy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡strong¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡following¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bites¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡infected¡¡

mosquitoes£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡a¡¡typical¡¡attack¡¡of¡¡malarial¡¡fever¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§3£§¡¡Journal¡¡Linnaean¡¡Society£»¡¡London£»¡¡1879£»¡¡XIV£»¡¡304¡­311¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡¡¡Medical¡¡¡¡¡¡News£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Philadelphia£»¡¡¡¡1889£»¡¡¡¡LV£»¡¡¡¡¡¡689¡­693£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡monograph¡¡

with¡¡Kilborne£»¡¡Washington£»¡¡1893¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡experiment£»¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡character£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡quite¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡

convincing¡£¡¡In¡¡certain¡¡regions¡¡about¡¡Rome£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Campania£»¡¡malaria¡¡is¡¡so¡¡

prevalent¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡autumn£»¡¡almost¡¡everyone¡¡in¡¡the¡¡district¡¡is¡¡attacked£»¡¡

particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡newcomer¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Sambon¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡friend¡¡¡¡¡¡lived¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡

district¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡June¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡September¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1900¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡test¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡

could¡¡¡¡¡¡live¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡exceedingly¡¡¡¡¡¡dangerous¡¡¡¡¡¡climate¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡months¡¡

without¡¡¡¡¡¡catching¡¡¡¡¡¡malaria£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡stringent¡¡¡¡¡¡precautions¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

bites¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mosquitoes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡purpose¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hut¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡lived¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡

thoroughly¡¡wired£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡slept¡¡under¡¡netting¡£¡¡Both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡gentlemen£»¡¡at¡¡

the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡period£»¡¡had¡¡escaped¡¡the¡¡disease¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Then¡¡came¡¡the¡¡fifth¡¡and¡¡final¡¡triumphthe¡¡prevention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disease¡£¡¡

The¡¡¡¡¡¡anti¡­malarial¡¡¡¡¡¡crusade¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡preached¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Sir¡¡¡¡¡¡Ronald¡¡¡¡¡¡Ross¡¡

and¡¡has¡¡been¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡successfully¡¡on¡¡a¡¡wholesale¡¡scale¡¡in¡¡Italy¡¡and¡¡in¡¡

parts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡India¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡Africa£»¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡reduced¡¡¡¡¡¡enormously¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡incidence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

disease¡£¡¡Professor¡¡¡¡Celli¡¡of¡¡¡¡Rome£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡his¡¡lecture¡¡¡¡room£»¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡interesting¡¡

chart¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡shows¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reduction¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mortality¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡malaria¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Italy¡¡

since¡¡the¡¡preventive¡¡measures¡¡have¡¡been¡¡adoptedthe¡¡deaths¡¡have¡¡fallen¡¡

from¡¡¡¡¡¡above¡¡¡¡¡¡28£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1888¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡below¡¡¡¡¡¡2000¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1910¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡needed¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

stirring¡¡¡¡¡¡campaign¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡disease¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Southern¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

this¡¡country¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡story¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡yellow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fever¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrates¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡practical¡¡

triumphs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡scientific¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡indeed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡view¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡far¡­reaching¡¡

commercial¡¡consequences£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡range¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡achievements¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡race¡£¡¡Ever¡¡since¡¡the¡¡discovery¡¡of¡¡America£»¡¡the¡¡disease¡¡has¡¡been¡¡one¡¡of¡¡

its¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡scourges£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡permanently¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡endemic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Spanish¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Main£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡

extending¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Southern¡¡¡¡¡¡States£»¡¡¡¡¡¡occasionally¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡North£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡

infrequently¡¡it¡¡has¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡£¡¡The¡¡records¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Army¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡West¡¡Indies¡¡show¡¡an¡¡appalling¡¡death¡¡rate£»¡¡chiefly¡¡from¡¡this¡¡disease¡£¡¡At¡¡

Jamaica£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡twenty¡¡years¡¡ending¡¡in¡¡1836£»¡¡the¡¡average¡¡mortality¡¡was¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡166¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡167¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



¡¡101¡¡per¡¡thousand£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡instances¡¡as¡¡high¡¡as¡¡178¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡

dreaded¡¡of¡¡all¡¡infections£»¡¡the¡¡periods¡¡of¡¡epidemics¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Southern¡¡States¡¡

have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡occasions¡¡of¡¡a¡¡widespread¡¡panic¡¡with¡¡complete¡¡paralysis¡¡of¡¡

commerce¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡How¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appalling¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mortality¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡judged¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

outbreak¡¡in¡¡Philadelphia¡¡in¡¡1793£»¡¡when¡¡ten¡¡thousand¡¡people¡¡died¡¡in¡¡three¡¡

months¡££§5£§¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡epidemics¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Spain¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡early¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nineteenth¡¡

century¡¡were¡¡of¡¡great¡¡severity¡£¡¡A¡¡glance¡¡through¡¡La¡¡Roche's¡¡great¡¡book£§6£§¡¡

on¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡soon¡¡gives¡¡one¡¡an¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enormous¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

disease¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Southern¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Havana£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡

foundation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡hotbed¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡yellow¡¡¡¡¡¡fever¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡best¡¡¡¡¡¡minds¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

profession¡¡had¡¡been¡¡attracted¡¡to¡¡a¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡problem£»¡¡but¡¡all¡¡in¡¡vain¡£¡¡

Commission¡¡after¡¡commission¡¡had¡¡been¡¡appointed£»¡¡with¡¡negative¡¡results£»¡¡

various¡¡¡¡¡¡organisms¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡described¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cause£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡sad¡¡

illustrations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡tragedy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡associated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡investigations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡undertaken¡¡

without¡¡proper¡¡¡¡¡¡training¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡proper¡¡¡¡¡¡technique¡£¡¡¡¡By¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡1900£»¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡

had¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ground¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡cleared£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡insect¡­borne¡¡¡¡¡¡disease¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

Manson¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Ross¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡observers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡clue¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡had¡¡

repeatedly¡¡been¡¡suggested¡¡that¡¡some¡¡relation¡¡existed¡¡between¡¡the¡¡bites¡¡of¡¡

mosquitoes¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tropical¡¡fevers£»¡¡particularly¡¡by¡¡that¡¡remarkable¡¡student£»¡¡

Nott¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Mobile£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡physician£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Beauperthuy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

announce¡¡clearly¡¡the¡¡mosquito¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disease¡¡was¡¡Carlos¡¡Finlay¡¡of¡¡

Havana¡£¡¡Early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡1900£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡occupation¡¡of¡¡Cuba¡¡by¡¡the¡¡

United¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡States£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡commission¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appointed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Surgeon¡­General¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sternberg¡¡

£¨himself¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡energetic¡¡students¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disease£©¡¡undertook¡¡fresh¡¡

investigations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Walter¡¡¡¡¡¡Reed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Professor¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Bacteriology¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Army¡¡

Medical¡¡¡¡¡¡School£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡placed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡charge£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Carroll¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡United¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡

Army£»¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Agramonte¡¡of¡¡Havana¡¡and¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Jesse¡¡W¡£¡¡Lazear¡¡were¡¡the¡¡other¡¡

members¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡Johns¡¡Hopkins¡¡Hospital£»¡¡we¡¡were¡¡deeply¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

work£»¡¡as¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Walter¡¡Reed¡¡was¡¡a¡¡favorite¡¡pupil¡¡of¡¡Professor¡¡Welch£»¡¡a¡¡warm¡¡

friend¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡us£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡frequent¡¡¡¡¡¡visitor¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡laboratories¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Jesse¡¡

Lazear£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡my¡¡house¡¡physician£»¡¡had¡¡worked¡¡with¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Thayer¡¡

and¡¡myself¡¡at¡¡malaria£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡up¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡my¡¡clinical¡¡laboratory¡¡to¡¡

join¡¡the¡¡commission¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Matthew¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Carey£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡Short¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Account¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Malignant¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fever£»¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡167¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡168¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



Philadelphia£»¡¡1793¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡R¡£¡¡La¡¡Roche£º¡¡Yellow¡¡Fever£»¡¡2¡¡vols¡££»¡¡Philadelphia£»¡¡1855¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡¡¡¡¡scientific¡¡¡¡¡¡discoveries¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡afforded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡brilliant¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrations¡¡¡¡of¡¡

method¡¡in¡¡research£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡these¡¡men¡¡one¡¡is¡¡at¡¡a¡¡loss¡¡to¡¡know¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡admire¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡morethe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remarkable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡accuracy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡precision¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

experiments£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡heroism¡¡of¡¡the¡¡menofficers¡¡and¡¡rank¡¡and¡¡file¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

United¡¡States¡¡Army£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡knew¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡the¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡playing¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

death£»¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡had¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡penalty£¡¡¡The¡¡demonstration¡¡was¡¡

successfulbeyond¡¡¡¡¡¡peradventurethat¡¡¡¡¡¡yellow¡¡¡¡¡¡fever¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡transmitted¡¡

by¡¡mosquitoes£»¡¡and¡¡equally¡¡the¡¡negative¡¡proposition¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡

transmitted¡¡by¡¡fomites¡£¡¡An¡¡interval¡¡of¡¡twelve¡¡or¡¡more¡¡days¡¡was¡¡found¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡necessary¡¡after¡¡the¡¡mosquito¡¡has¡¡bitten¡¡a¡¡yellow¡¡fever¡¡patient¡¡before¡¡it¡¡

is¡¡¡¡¡¡capable¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡transmitting¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡infection¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Lazear¡¡¡¡¡¡permitted¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

bitten¡¡by¡¡a¡¡stray¡¡mosquito¡¡while¡¡conducting¡¡his¡¡experiments¡¡in¡¡the¡¡yellow¡¡

fever¡¡hospital¡£¡¡Bitten¡¡on¡¡the¡¡thirteenth£»¡¡he¡¡sickened¡¡on¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡and¡¡

died¡¡on¡¡the¡¡twenty¡­fifth¡¡of¡¡September£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡until¡¡he¡¡had¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡

showing¡¡in¡¡two¡¡instances¡¡that¡¡mosquitoes¡¡could¡¡convey¡¡the¡¡infection¡£¡¡He¡¡

added¡¡another¡¡to¡¡the¡¡long¡¡list¡¡of¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡profession¡¡who¡¡have¡¡laid¡¡

down¡¡their¡¡lives¡¡in¡¡search¡¡of¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡disease¡£¡¡Of¡¡such¡¡men¡¡as¡¡Lazear¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Myers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Liverpool¡¡¡¡¡¡Yellow¡­Fever¡¡¡¡¡¡Commission£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Dutton¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

young¡¡Manson£»¡¡may¡¡fitly¡¡be¡¡sung¡¡from¡¡the¡¡noblest¡¡of¡¡American¡¡poems¡¡the¡¡

tribute¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lowell¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡paid¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Harvard's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sons¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fell¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡War¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Secession£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡in¡¡sad¡¡faith¡¡sought¡¡for¡¡her£»¡¡Many¡¡with¡¡crossed¡¡hands¡¡sighed¡¡for¡¡

her£»¡¡But¡¡these£»¡¡our¡¡brothers£»¡¡fought¡¡for¡¡her£»¡¡At¡¡life's¡¡dear¡¡peril¡¡wrought¡¡for¡¡

her£»¡¡So¡¡loved¡¡her¡¡that¡¡they¡¡died¡¡for¡¡her¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fortunately£»¡¡the¡¡commander¡­in¡­chief¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡in¡¡Cuba¡¡was¡¡General¡¡

Leonard¡¡Wood£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡army¡¡¡¡surgeon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

appreciate¡¡the¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ