a forgotten empire-vijayanagar-第31章

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his；　when　writing　about　Raichur；　Paes　has　described　that　place＇218＇　as　a　city　〃that　formerly　belonged　to　the　king　of　Narsymga　（I。E。　Vijayanagar）；　there　has　been　much　war　over　it；　and　THIS　KING　took　it　from　the　Ydallcao〃　（Adil　Shah）。　The　chronicler；　therefore；　was　present　at　these　feasts　on　an　occasion　subsequent　to　the　date　of　Krishna　Deva's　conquest　of　Raichur。

Now　the　MAHANAVAMI　festival　begins　in　these　tracts　on　the　1st　of　the　month　of　Asvina；　and　the　New　Year's　Day　in　the　time　of　Paes　was　evidently　celebrated　on　the　1st　of　the　month　Karttika；　as　was　often　the　case　in　former　years　both　days　being　the　days　following　the　moment　of　new　moon。　In　what　year；　then；　during　the　reign　of　Krishna　Deva　Raya；　did　the　1st　of　Asvina　and　the　1st　of　Karttika　fall　respectively　on　September　12　and　on　October　12？　I　have　worked　these　dates　out　for　all　the　years　of　the　reign；　and　I　find　that　in　no　year　except　A。D。　1520　did　this　occur。　In　1521　the　MAHANAVAMI　fell　on　September　2；　and　the　New　Year's　Day　on　October　1；　in　1522　the　former　fell　on　September　20；　and　the　latter　on　October　20。　This　shows　that　Paes　assisted　at　the　festivals　of　A。D。　1520；　and　that　therefore　the　battle　and　capture　of　Raichur　must　have　taken　place　before　the　month　of　September　in　that　year。

This　again　throws　fresh　light　on　the　magnificent　reception　accorded　to　Christovao　de　Figueiredo　by　the　king；　and　the　latter's　exceptional　kindness　to　the　Portuguese　at　the　time　of　these　feasts。＇219＇　Krishna　Raya　cherished　an　especial　fondness　for　Christovao　on　account　of　his　invaluable　aid　at　the　siege　of　the　city；　and　for　the　fact　that　but　for　him　the　war　might　have　lasted　much　longer。

Let　us　now　turn　to　the　other　Portuguese　writers；　and　see　whether　they　confirm　our　date；　1520；　for　the　fall　of　Raichur。

The　decision　of　this　question　turns　mainly　on　the　date　when　the　Portuguese　obtained　the　mainlands　opposite　the　island　of　Goa；　consisting　of　the　tracts　called　Salsette；　Ponda；　and　Bardes。　It　seems　certain　that　this　capture　of　the　mainlands　took　place　by　Krishna　Deva's　connivance　shortly　after　the　fall　of　Raichur；　at　a　time　when　Diogo　Lopes　de　Sequeira；　the　governor…general；　was　away　at　the　Red　Sea；　and　when　Ruy　de　Mello　was　governor　of　Goa。　Now　Sequeira　left　Goa　for　the　Red　Sea　on　February　13；　A。D。　1520；　and　arrived　again　before　Diu　in　India　on　February　9；　1521。

Castanheda　tells　us　（and　he　is　a　good　authority；　since　he　was　in　India　in　1529）　that　while　Sequeira　was　absent　at　the　Red　Sea　war　broke　out　between　the　king　of　Vijayanagar　and　the　Adil　Shah；＇220＇　at　the　close　of　which　the　latter　was　defeated　and　put　to　flight；　while　the　Hindus　took　Raichur　and　other　places

〃so　that　many　of　the　TANADARIS＇221＇　near　Goa　on　the　mainland　were　left　undefended。　And　since　the　king　of　Narsinga　was　very　rich；　and　had　no　need　of　these　lands；　and　wanted　that　all　the　horses　that　came　to　Goa　should　come　to　him　and　none　to　the　HIDALCAO；　he　sent　to　say　to　Ruy　de　Mello；　captain　of　Goa；　that　he　had　taken　Belgaum　by　force　of　arms　from　the　Hidalcao；　with　all　the　land　appertaining　to　it　as　far　as　the　sea；　in　which　were　TANADARIS　yielding　more　than　500；000　gold　pardaos；　of　which　he　desired　to　make　a　present　to　the　king　of　Portugal　。。。　and　that　he　wanted　all　the　horses　that　came　to　Goa。　He　therefore　said　that　the　captain　of　Goa　could　enter　and　take　possession　of　the　TANADARIS。〃

This　was　immediately　done；　and　Ruy　de　Mello　took　possession　of　the　mainland　of　Goa；　including　Salsette；　in　ten　days。

Correa；　who　was　in　India　at　the　time；　having　gone　thither　in　1512　or　1514；　mentions＇222＇　that　de　Sequeira　left　Goa　for　the　Red　Sea　in　January　1520；　and　that　〃at　that　time〃　（NESTE　TEMPO　　the　expression　is　unfortunately　vague）　war　broke　out　between　Vijayanagar　and　Bijapur。　After　its　close　the　Hindu　king　sent　a　message　to　〃Ruy　de　Mello；　captain　of　Goa；〃　in　the　absence　of　the　governor…general；　regarding　the　mainlands　of　Goa。　Correa　does　not　mention　distinctly　the　year　in　which　this　occurred；　but　the　edition　of　1860　at　the　head　of　the　page　has　the　date　〃1521。〃　This；　however；　must　be　an　error　on　the　part　of　the　editor；　for　in　May　1521　Sequeira　was　not　absent；　and　therefore　the　year　referred　to　cannot　be　1521；　while　in　May　1522　Dom　Duarte　de　Menezes；　and　not　Sequeira；　was　governor…general。＇223＇　Sequeira　sailed　for　Portugal　January　22；　A。D。　1522。

Barros　relates　the　departure　of　de　Sequeira　from　India　for　the　Red　Sea　on　February　13；　1520；　and　states　that　in　his　absence　Ruy　de　Mello　was　governor　of　Goa；　under　Sequeira's　lieutenant；　Aleixo　de　Menezes。　Ruy　de　Mello　seized　the　mainland　of　Goa　after　the　battle　of　Raichur；＇224＇　and　at　that　time　de　Sequeira　was　absent　at　the　Red　Sea。　His　description　of　the　siege　of　Raichur　and　the　great　battle　in　the　vicinity　clearly　seems　to　have　been　taken　from　the　chronicle　of　Nuniz。　It　follows　the　latter　blindly；　even　in　the　misspelling　of　names；　and　therefore　is　really　of　no　greater　value。　When；　however；　Barros　comes　to　deal　with　the　acquisition　of　the　mainlands　of　Goa；＇225＇　he　is　dependent　on　other　information；　and　gives　a　much　more　detailed　account。　The　time　is　clearly　fixed。　After　the　battle　and　flight　of　the　Adil　Shah　the　feeling　between　the　two　adversaries　was　naturally　highly　strained；　and　this　〃enabled　Ruy　de　Mello；　captain　of　Goa；　to　take　the　mainlands　of　Goa。〃　Sequeira　was　at　the　Red　Sea　and　Menezes　at　Cochin。　A　very　important　passage　for　my　present　purpose　occurs　a　little　later　on　in　Barros's　work：＇226＇　

〃Diogo　Lopes　de　Sequeira；　AS　soon　as　he　arrived　at　Goa　（from　the　Red　Sea）；　all　necessary　arrangements　having　been　made　for　the　government　of　the　city；　AND　PRINCIPALLY　OF　THE　MAINLANDS；　WHICH　HE　FOUND　THAT　RUY　DE　MELLO　HAD　TAKEN　。。。　went　to　Cochin；〃

and　thence　to　Diu；　where　he　arrived　on　February　9；　1521。＇227＇　Another　passage　farther　on　in　the　narrative　of　Barros　also　establishes　the　fact　that　Ruy　de　Mello　took　the　lands　during　Sequeira's　absence　at　the　Red　Sea。＇228＇

Faria　y　Souza；　a　Spanish　writer；　whose　work　was　first　published　a　century　after　these　events；　confirms　the　period；　February　1520　to　February　1521；　as　that　of　Sequeira's　absence　at　the　Red　Sea；　and　he　writes：　

〃While　the　governor＇229＇　was　in　the　Red　Sea；　the　King　Crisnao　Rao　of　Bisnaga　covered　the　plains　and　hills　and　stopped　the　flow　of　the　rivers＇230＇　with　an　army　of　thirty…five　thousand　horse；　seven　hundred　and　thirty…three　thousand　foot；　and　five　hundred　and　eighty…six　elephants　carrying　castles　with　four　men　in　each；　and　twelve　thousand　watermen　。。。　and　baggage　in　such　quantities　that　the　courtesans　alone　numbered　more　than　twenty　thousand。〃＇231＇

Souza　also　states；　as　does　Nuniz；　that　after　the　defeat　of　the　Adil　Shah；　Krishna　Deva　Raya　demanded　that；　as　the　price　of　peace；　the　former　should　visit　him　and　kiss　his　foot；　and　that；　taking　advantage　of　the　Adil　Shah's　difficulties；　Ruy　de　Mello　seized　the　mainlands　of　Goa。＇232＇　It　is　clear；　therefore；　that　both　authors　are　writing　of　the　same　event。

Osorio；　a　later　writer；　confirms　the　story　in　most　of　its　details；　stating　that　after　the　defeat　of　the　Adil　Shah；　Krishna　Raya　sent　to　Ruy　de　Mello　（〃Roderigo　Melos〃）；　captain　of　Goa；　offering　the　mainlands；　and　promising　after　the　return　of　Sequeira　to　send　a　regular　embassy　to　conclude　a　solemn　treaty。　De　Mello　accordingly　took　the　mainlands。

Lafitau＇233＇　also　states　that　the　war　took　place　during　Sequeira's　absence　at　the　Red　Sea；　and　that　the　mainlands　were　taken　after　the　Adil　Shah's　defeat。＇234＇

Turning　to　Firishtah；　I　find　a　difference。　He　states　that　the　battle　of　Raichur　took　place　in　Hijra　927　（December　22；　1520；　to　December　1；　1521；　A。D。）；　which；　if　it　was　fought　in　May；　as　Nuniz　declares；　makes　the　date　May　1521。　That　he　is　speaking　of　the　same　affair　is　obvious　from　the　details　given。　He　mentions；　for　instance；　the　vast　host　constituting　the　Hindu　army；　the　Shah's　force　advancing　to　the　river　Krishna；　the　too　hasty　crossing　of　the　river；　the　gallant　fight　of　the　Muhammadans；　their　defeat　and　rout；　the　fact　of　the　Adil　Shah's　forces　being　driven　to　the　river　and　perishing　in　large　numbers　while　attempting　to　re…cross　it；　the　Shah's　narrow　escape；　and　his　dependence　on　Asada　Khan。　All　this　leaves　no　room　for　doubt。　The　only　difference　is　that；　whereas　we　learn　from　the　other　authorities　tha