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The Search for Modern China



作者:史景迁(Jonathan D。 Spence)
译者:温恰溢 
出版社:时报文化出版社


目录:

中文版序
第一版序
第二版序
推荐序一
推荐序二
第一部 征服与巩固
1。晚明
2。满清的绥服
3。康熙政权的巩固
4。雍正的权威
5。中国社会与乾隆政权
6。中国与十八世纪的社会
第二部 分裂与改革
7。与西方世界的初次冲突
8。内部危机
9。改革的中兴之治
10。 晚清的新张力
11。 清朝的倾覆
第三部 国家与社会的展望
12。 共和国的肇建
13。 「便成了路」
14。 冲突迭起
15。 政府的试验
16。 开启战端
第四部 战争与革命
17。 第二次世界大战
18。 国民党的崩解
19。 人民共和国的缔造
20。 筹谋新社会
21。 深化革命
第五部 生活在人间
22。 重启门户
23。 再定义革命
24。 权力圈层
25。 探索界限
26。 世纪末



  中文版序原文
  
  I am truly delighted that The Search for Modern China; my attempt to write a broad synthesis of Chinese history across the last four hundred years; is being published in Chinese translation in Taiwan。 It was to Taiwan that I first came in autumn 1963; to study some of the Chinese sources on the K'anghsi reign for my Yale University dissertation onTs'ao Yin。 In those days; the Ch'ing archives were being held under careful watch in the hills of Wu…feng; not far from T'ai…chung; the Ch'ing archives held on mainland China were at that time totally in accessible to me; due to the turmoils of China during the aftermath of the 〃great leap forward〃 and the preambles to the equally catastrophic〃 great proletarian cultural revolution。〃 Looking over The Search for Modern China again today; I am rather surprised that I was rash enough to attempt such a task。 Rereading the text also reminds me of how difficult it must have been to create the two most prominent previous English…language surveys undertaken by John King Fairbank in the 1960s and by Immanuel Hsu in the 1970s。 I would like to acknowledge how much I learned from those two works; just as those authors had learned from earlier Chinese scholarly surveys by Hsiao I…shan; Ch'ien Mu; and many others。 In seeking to incorporate new historical materials that had appeared since those various scholars wrote; I perhaps inevitably had to cut back on certain important aspects of the Chinese experience; especially in the fields of diplomatic and intellectual history; this allowed me to include more of the newer interpretations of Chinese economic; social and cultural history that have been appearing over the last few decades。 At the same time; I have tried to include at least some of the exciting new materials on the nature and ideology of the Ch'ing state in its Manchu dimensions; and of the Manchus' own visions of a multilingual 〃greater Chinese〃 central Asian empire。 
  
  Today's readers will of course notice right away that Taiwan does not get as much coverage in my book as it doubtless deserves。 The reason is that when I was writing I was largely echoing what I understood to be the major preoccupations of policy makers in Peking; Nanking; and Chungking; rather than tracking all the details of Taiwan's various alternative trajectories of development。 But I hope that I have managed to give at least a sense of the astonishing strides made in Taiwan; both in economic development; and in the effective implementation of democratic institutions during the 1980s and 1990s。 That story starkly underlines the fact that similar changes; especially in the area of meaningful democratic structures; have still eluded the Chinese in the People's Republic。 It is my conviction that Westerners have no specific right to insist that East Asian nations (or any other nations elsewhere) should follow Western political models。 Yet having said that; the fact that Taiwan has crossed the bridge to new levels of individual and group freedom; and allows its people to enjoy them in the dawning years of the twenty…first century; must be seen as an important part of the overall Chinese story。   
  
  It is my hope that readers in Taiwan and elsewhere will not find this attempt to understand recent Chinese history; made by an Englishman living in the United States; too superficial。 It was written from the heart; not just in the dusty study; and is intended to reflect my deep fascination with the many undercurrents that have to flow together; in order to make possible a prehensible narrative of China's immense struggles across the long span of the last four hundred years。
  
  Jonathan D。Spence
  Sterling Professor
  
  Department of History
  Yale University
  
  March 31;2001



  中文版序
  
  《追尋現代中國》是我試圖縱觀中國過去四百年歷史的著作,對於中譯本能在臺灣出版,個人深表欣喜。我是在一九六三年秋天初次造訪臺灣,為了我在耶魯大學撰寫有關曹寅生平的博士論文查閱中文史料。那時,清史檔案還存放在霧峰的山上;而中國大陸的「大躍進」餘波蕩漾,「無產階級文化大革命」山雨欲來,所以我無從接樱箨懛矫嫔L羅的清史檔案。
  如今回頭重新瀏樱А蹲穼がF代中國》,我很驚訝自己竟會貿然嘗試如此艱鉅的工作。重讀此書也提醒了我,費正清(John King Fairbank)在六○年代、徐中約(Immanuel Hsu)在七○年代能以英文寫出兩部中國歷史的巨著,想必是舉步維艱。我受教於這兩本著作之處甚多,一如這兩位作者曾受益於蕭一山、錢穆和其他幾位先輩中國學者。為了把這些學者之後新出爐的歷史素材設法迹耄也坏貌桓顠沃袊私涷炛械哪承┲匾嫦颍绕涫窃谕饨皇泛椭亲R史的領域;這使我有餘裕收入過去幾十年來對中國經濟、社會和文化史所做的新詮釋。同時,我還試著至少放進一些令人雀躍的新素材,這些材料或從滿人的角度來理解清朝政權的特伲c意識形態,以及滿人自己對於一個多元語系之「大中華」亞洲中心帝國的看法。
  今日的讀者當然一眼就會注意到,臺灣無疑值得一書,但拙著並未將之含括在內。原因是我寫作時大多是在回應我所瞭解的北京、南京、重慶決策者心中羈絆的要務,而不是鉅細靡遺地追索臺灣迥然不同的發展軌跡。不過我還是希望,我起碼已賦予臺灣在八○、九○年代發展經濟與實施民主制度方面驚人成就應有的意義。臺灣的故事凸顯了中華人民共和國的中國人依然在規避類似臺灣所做的變革,尤其是別具意義的民主制度變革。我深信,西方人無權要求枺鼇唶遥ɑ蛘咂渌貐^的國家)應該追隨西方的政治模式。話雖如此,臺灣跨越隔閡,在個人與集體自由達致新的境界,在二十一世紀曙光乍現之時,台灣人民得享自由,這個事實必須被視為是所有中國人故事中的一個重要章節。
  我期盼臺灣以及其他地區的讀者,不會覺得由我這位卜居在美的英國人為理解中國近代史所做的嘗試太過於膚湣_@是一部發自內心深處、而非僅是在故紙堆裡寫成的書。種種伏流勢必匯而聚之,以對中國在過去漫漫四百年來所做的巨大奮鬥有個可掌握的敍述,而本書也反映了我對這個過程的著迷。
  耶魯大學歷史系講座教授史景遷
  二○○一年三月三十一日



  第一版序
  
  幾個世紀以來,洠в幸粋國家可以自外於動盪與悲劇。彷彿在人心深處殘酷劣根性和施暴的能力永無簦阒眨枪蕸'有任何社會能達致完美的靜謐。然而,在每一個國度,人又往往表現出對美的愛好、對知識探究的熾熱之情、儒雅、豐美的感性,對正義的渴望,凡此皆照見幽暗,讓世界充滿光華。人須常宵旰勉行,以認識這個世界,以期免受此世摧殘,更有效率地去構築這個世界,以使子孫得免於铮I、恐懼所苦。   
  中國歷史的豐饒與陌生與其他國家無異,而中國在與其他國家競逐稀有資源、進行貿易往來、擴展知識之時,其命咭才c其他國家休戚相關。長久以來,西方人莫不對中國感到茫然,縱然物換星移,時值今日,中、西之間仍因語言、習慣與態度的隔閡而產生嫌隙齟齬。現今,中國人口逾十儯惺艿膬仍趬毫ξ覀儍H能揣度;中國政治的劇烈敚ПU,中國文化氛圍的跌宕起伏。中國經濟的蹣跚踉蹌,在笑臉迎人的背後總是潛滋暗藏對外來影響力的敵意,以上諸多因素往往讓我們如墜五里雲霧,而不察中國的真實本伲! 
  瞭解中國並無終南捷徑,一如並無方便之門去認識其他異伲奈幕踔敛t解我們自身。但中國的故事總是令人心往神馳,且足堪我們借鑑,據此,這樣的企圖總是值得去嘗試。本書用意在於,欲認識今日的中國就必須瞭解其過去;然就某種意義而言,我們應將追索的時間縱軸回溯至何時仍值得深究。中國歷史淵遠流長;也洠в幸粋社會能像中國般縱貫歷史近四千年而活力依舊綿延不絕,並且不憚其煩地記錄下所作所為的每個細節。因此,我們可以從任一切入點鑽進這個歷史記錄之中,找到種種事件、典範人物,和文化氛圍,並以縈繞腦海、摚е蝗サ姆绞脚c現今呼應。  
  我的敘事起自一六○○年,因為我認為唯有從這個時間點啟始,才能認清中國當前問睿木売桑约爸袊嗽搼{恃何種知識、經濟、情感來解決這些問睿=逵砂堰@一故事命名為《追尋現代中國》,我個人衷心盼望能夠彰顯以下幾點旨趣。  
  一,不管是統治者或是臧否統治者的中國批判者,他們在漫漫的歷史長河裡各自依循不同的取徑,試圖建構行之有效的方針來強化邊境的防務,理順官僚機制的咝校忪锻馊烁深A而善用自身的天然稟賦,焠煉必要而嚴謹的知識工具用以權衡

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