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on some fossil remains of man-及4嫗

弌傍�� on some fossil remains of man 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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Distance from the upper angle of the
occipital to the superior semicircular
lines。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。51 ��60�� = 1。9;2。4;。
Thickness of the bone at the parietal
protuberance。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。8。
at the angle of the occipital。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。9。
at the superior semicircular line of
the occipital。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。10          = 0。3;

;Besides the cranium�察�the following bones have been secured��

;1。  Both thigh´bones�察�perfect。  These�察�like the skull�察�and all the
other bones�察�are characterized by their unusual thickness�察�and the
great development of all the elevations and depressions for the
attachment of muscles。  In the Anatomical Museum at Bonn�察�under the
designation of 'Giant's´bones��' are some recent thigh´bones�察�with which
in thickness the foregoing pretty nearly correspond�察�although they are
shorter。

                                         Giant's bones。    Fossil bones。
                                                 mm。               mm。
Length。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。542 = 21。4;。。。。。。438 = 17。4;
Diameter of head of femur。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 54 =  2。14;。。。。。 53 = 2。0;
    ;    of lower articular end�察�from
   one condyle to the other。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 89 = 3。5;。。。。。。。 87 = 3。4;
Diameter of femur in the middle。。。。。。。。。。。。 33 = 1。2;。。。。。。。 30 = 1。1;

;2。  A perfect right humerus�察�whose size shows that it belongs to the
thigh´bones。
                                                         mm。
          Length。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。312 = 12。3;
          Thickness in the middle。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 26 = 1。0;
          Diameter of head。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 49 = 1。9;

;Also a perfect right radius of corresponding dimensions�察�and the
upper´third of a right ulna corresponding to the humerus and radius。

;3。  A left humerus of which the upper´third is wanting�察�and which is so
much slenderer than the right as apparently to belong to a distinct
individual�察�a left 'ulna'�察�which�察�though complete�察�is pathologically
deformed�察�the coronoid process being so much enlarged by bony growth��
that flexure of the elbow beyond a right angle must have been
impossible�察�the anterior fossa of the humerus for the reception of the
coronoid process being also filled up with a similar bony growth。  At
the same time�察�the olecranon is curved strongly downwards。  As the bone
presents no sign of rachitic degeneration�察�it may be supposed that an
injury sustained during life was the cause of the anchylosis。  When the
left ulna is compared with the right radius�察�it might at first sight be
concluded that the bones respectively belonged to different individuals��
the ulna being more than half an inch too short for articulation with a
corresponding radius。  But it is clear that this shortening�察�as well as
the attenuation of the left humerus�察�are both consequent upon the
pathological condition above described。

;4。  A left 'ilium'�察�almost perfect�察�and belonging to the femur�此�a
fragment of the right 'scapula'�察�the anterior extremity of a rib of the
right side�察�and the same part of a rib of the left side�察�the hinder
part of a rib of the right side�察�and lastly�察�two hinder portions and one
middle portion of ribs�察�which from their unusually rounded shape�察�and
abrupt curvature�察�more resemble the ribs of a carnivorous animal than
those of a man。  Dr。 H。 v。 Meyer�察�however�察�to whose judgment I defer��
will not venture to declare them to be ribs of any animal�察�and it only
remains to suppose that this abnormal condition has arisen from an
unusually powerful development of the thoracic muscles。

;The bones adhere strongly to the tongue�察�although�察�as proved by the use
of hydrochloric acid�察�the greater part of the cartilage is still
retained in them�察�which appears�察�however�察�to have undergone that
transformation into gelatine which has been observed by v。 Bibra in
fossil bones。  The surface of all the bones is in many spots covered
with minute black specks�察�which�察�more especially under a lens�察�are seen
to be formed of very delicate 'dendrites'。  These deposits�察�which were
first observed on the bones by Dr。 Meyer�察�are most distinct on the
inner surface of the cranial bones。  They consist of a ferruginous
compound�察�and�察�from their black colour�察�may be supposed to contain
manganese。  Similar dendritic formations also occur�察�not unfrequently��
on laminated rocks�察�and are usually found in minute fissures and cracks。
At the meeting of the Lower Rhine Society at Bonn�察�on the 1st April��
1857�察�Prof。 Meyer stated that he had noticed in the museum of
Poppelsdorf similar dendritic crystallizations on several fossil bones
of animals�察�and particularly on those of 'Ursus spelaeus'�察�but still
more abundantly and beautifully displayed on the fossil bones and teeth
of 'Equus adamiticus'�察�'Elephas primigenius'�察�etc。�察�from the caves of
Bolve and Sundwig。  Faint indications of similar 'dendrites' were
visible in a Roman skull from Siegburg�察�whilst other ancient skulls��
which had lain for centuries in the earth�察�presented no trace of them。*

    ��footnote�А�*'Verh。 des Naturhist'。 Vereins in Bonn�察�xiv。
    1857。  I am indebted to H。 v。 Meyer for the following
    remarks on this subject��

'The incipient formation of dendritic deposits�察�which were formerly
regarded as a sign of a truly fossil condition�察�is interesting。  It has
even been supposed that in diluvial deposits the presence of
'dendrites' might be regarded as affording a certain mark of distinction
between bones mixed with the diluvium at a somewhat later period and
the true diluvial relics�察�to which alone it was supposed that these
deposits were confined。  But I have long been convinced that neither
can the absence of 'dendrites' be regarded as indicative of recent age��
nor their presence as sufficient to establish the great antiquity of
the objects upon which they occur。  I have myself noticed upon paper��
which could scarcely be more than a year old�察�dendritic deposits�察�which
could not be distinguished from those on fossil bones。  Thus I possess a
dog's skull from the Roman colony of the neighbouring Heddersheim��
'Castrum Hadrianum'�察�which is in no way distinguishable from the fossil
bones from the Frankish caves�察�it presents the same colour�察�and adheres
to the tongue just as they do�察�so that this character also�察�which�察�at a
former meeting of German naturalists at Bonn�察�gave rise to amusing
scenes between Buckland and Schmerling�察�is no longer of any value。  In
disputed cases�察�therefore�察�the condition of the bone can scarcely
afford the means for determining with certainty whether it be fossil��
that is to say�察�whether it belong to geological antiquity or to the
historical period。'

;As we cannot now look upon the primitive world as representing a wholly
different condition of things�察�from which no transition exists to the
organic life of the present time�察�the designation of 'fossil'�察�as
applied to 'a bone'�察�has no longer the sense it conveyed in the time of
Cuvier。  Sufficient grounds exist for the assumption that man coexisted
with the animals found in the 'diluvium'�察�and many a barbarous race
may�察�before all historical time�察�have disappeared�察�together with the
animals of the ancient world�察�whilst the races whose organization is
improved have continued the genus。  The bones which form the subject of
this paper present characters which�察�although not decisive as regards a
geological epoch�察�are�察�nevertheless�察�such as indicate a very high
antiquity。  It may also be remarked that�察�common as is the occurrence
of diluvial animal bones in the muddy deposits of caverns�察�such remains
have not hitherto been met with in the caves of the Neanderthal�察�and
that the bones�察�which were covered by a deposit of mud not more than
four or five feet thick�察�and without any protective covering of
stalagmite�察�have retained the greatest part of their organic substance。

;These circumstances might be adduced against the probability of a
geological antiquity。  Nor should we be justified in regarding the
cranial conformation as perhaps representing the most savage primitive
type of the human race�察�since crania exist among living savages�察�which��
though not exhibiting�察�such 

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