phenomenology of mind-第105章

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insulted　by　the　former。　It　finds；　however；　only　a　bloodless　shade　to　lend　it　help　towards　actually
carrying　itself　out　in　the　face　of　that　masterful　and　openly　enunciated　law。　Being　the　law　of
weakness　and　of　darkness；　it　therefore　gives　way；　to　begin　with；　before　law　which　has　force　and
publicity；　for　the　strength　of　the　former　is　effective　in　the　nether　realm；　not　on　earth　and　in　the　light
of　day。　But　the　actual　and　concrete；　which　has　taken　away　from　what　is　inward　its　honour　and　its
power；　has　thereby　consumed　its　own　real　nature。　The　spirit　which　is　manifest　to　the　light　of　day
has　the　roots　of　its　power　in　the　lower　world：　the　certainty　felt　by　a　nation；　a　certainty　which　is　sure
of　itself　and　which　makes　itself　assured；　finds　the　truth　of　its　oath　binding　all　its　members　into　one；
solely　in　the　mute　unconscious　substance　of　all；　in　the　waters　of　forgetfulness。　In　consequence；　the
fulfilment　of　the　public　spirit　turns　round　into　its　opposite；　and　learns　that　its　supreme　right　is
supreme　wrong；　its　victory　rather　its　own　defeat。　The　slain；　whose　right　is　injured；　knows；
therefore；　how　to　find　means　of　vengeance　which　are　equally　as　real　and　strong　as　the　power　at
whose　hands　it　has　suffered。　These　powers　are　other　communities；（7）　whose　altars　the　dogs　or
birds　defiled　with　the　corpse　of　the　dead；　which　is　not　raised　into　unconscious　universality　by　being
restored；　as　is　its　due；　to　the　ultimate　individuum；　the　elemental　earth；　but　instead　has　remained
above　ground　in　the　sphere　of　reality；　and　has　now　received；　as　the　force　of　divine　law；　a
self…conscious　actual　universality。　They　rise　up　in　hostility；　and　destroy　the　community　which　has
dishonoured　and　destroyed　its　own　power；　the　sacred　claims；　the　〃piety〃　of　the　family。

Represented　in　this　way；　the　movement　of　human　and　divine　law　finds　the　expression　of　its
necessity　in　individuals；　in　whom　the　universal　appears　as　a　〃pathic〃　element；　and　the　activity　of　the
movement　as　action　of　individuals；　which　gives　the　appearance　of　contingency　to　the　necessity　of
the　process。　But　individuality　and　action　constitute　the　principle　of　individuation　in　general；　a
principle　which　in　its　pure　universality　was　called　inner　divine　law。　As　a　moment　of　the　visible
community　it　does　not　merely　exhibit　that　unconscious　activity　of　the　nether　world；　its　operation　is
not　simply　external　in　its　existence；　it　has　an　equally　manifest　visible　existence　and　process；　actual
in　the　actual　nation。　Taken　in　this　form；　what　was　represented　as　a　simple　process　of　the　〃pathic〃
element　as　embodied　in　individuals；　assumes　another　look；　and　crime　and　the　resulting　ruin　of　the
community　assume　the　proper　form　of　their　existence。

Human　law；　then；　in　its　universal　mode　of　existence　is　the　community；　in　its　efficient　operation　in
general　is　the　manhood　of　the　community；　in　its　actual　efficient　operation　is　the　government。　It　has
its　being；　its　process；　and　its　subsistence　by　consuming　and　absorbing　into　itself　the　separatist
action　of　the　household　gods　（Penates）；　the　individualization　into　insular　independent　families
which　are　under　the　management　of　womankind；　and　by　keeping　them　dissolved　in　the　fluent
continuum　of　its　own　nature。　The　family　at　the　same　time；　however；　is　in　general　its　element；　the
individual　consciousness　its　universal　operative　basis。　Since　the　community　gets　itself　subsistence
only　by　breaking　in　upon　family　happiness；　and　dissolving　＇individual＇　self…consciousness　into　the
universal；　it　creates　its　enemy　for　itself　within　its　own　gates；　creates　it　in　what　it　suppresses；　and
what　is　at　the　same　time　essential　to　it　—　womankind　in　general。　Womankind　the　everlasting　irony
in　the　life　of　the　community　changes　by　intrigue　the　universal　purpose　of　government　into　a　private
end；　transforms　its　universal　activity　into　a　work　of　this　or　that　specific　individual；　and　perverts　the
universal　property　of　the　state　into　a　possession　and　ornament　for　the　family。　Woman　in　this　way
turns　to　ridicule　the　grave　wisdom　of　maturity；　which；　being　dead　to　all　particular　aims；　to　private
pleasure；　personal　satisfaction；　and　actual　activity　as　well；　thinks　of；　and　is　concerned　for；　merely
what　is　universal；　she　makes　this　wisdom　the　laughing…stock　of　raw　and　wanton　youth；　an　object
of　derision　and　scorn；　unworthy　of　their　enthusiasm。　She　asserts　that　it　is　everywhere　the　force　of
youth　that　really　counts；　she　upholds　this　as　of　primary　significance；　extols　a　son　as　one　who　is　the
lord　and　master　of　the　mother　who　has　borne　him；　a　brother　as　one　in　whom　the　sister　finds　man
on　a　level　with　herself；　a　youth　as　one　through　whom　the　daughter；　freed　from　her　dependence　（on
the　family　unity）；　acquires　the　satisfaction　and　the　dignity　of　wifehood。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　3。　Dissolution　of　the　Ethical　Being

The　community；　however；　can　preserve　itself　only　by　suppressing　this　spirit　of　individualism；　and
because　the　latter　is　an　essential　element；　the　community　likewise　creates　it　as　well；　and　creates　it；
too；　by　taking　up　the　attitude　of　seeking　to　suppress　it　as　a　hostile　principle。　Nevertheless；　since；
by　cutting　itself　off　from　the　universal　purpose；　this　hostile　element　is　merely　evil；　and　in　itself　of　no
account；　it　would　be　quite　ineffective　if　the　community　itself　did　not　recognize　the　force　of　youth；
（manhood；　which；　while　immature；　still　remains　in　the　condition　of　particularity）；　as　the　force　of　the
whole。　For　the　community；　the　whole；　is　a　nation；　it　is　itself　individuality；　and　really　only　is
something　for　itself　by　other　individualities　being　for　it；　by　its　excluding　these　from　itself　and
knowing　itself　independent　of　them。　The　negative　side　of　the　community；　suppressing　the　isolation
of　individuals　within　its　own　bounds；　but　originating　activity　directed　beyond　those　bounds；　finds
the　weapons　of　its　warfare　in　individuals。　War　is　the　spirit　and　form　in　which　the　essential　moment
of　ethical　substance；　the　adsolute　freedom　of　ethical　self…consciousness　from　all　and　every　kind　of
existence；　is　manifestly　confirmed　and　realized。　While；　on　the　one　hand；　war　makes　the　particular
spheres　of　property　and　personal　independence；　as　well　as　the　personality　of　the　individual　himself；
feel　the　force　of　negation　and　destruction；　on　the　other　hand　this　engine　of　negation　and　destruction
stands　out　as　that　which　preserves　the　whole　in　security。　The　individual　who　provides　pleasure　to
woman；　the　brave　youth；　the　suppressed　principle　of　ruin　and　destruction；　comes　now　into
prominence；　and　is　the　factor　of　primary　significance　and　worth。　It　is　now　physical　strength　and
what　seems　like　the　chance　of　fortune；　that　decide　as　to　the　existence　of　ethical　life　and　spiritual
necessity。　Because　the　existence　of　the　ethical　life　thus　rests　on　physical　strength　and　the　chances
of　fortune；　it　is　eo　ipso　settled　that　its　overthrow　has　come。　While　only　household　gods；　in　the
former　case；　gave　way　before　and　were　absorbed　in　the　national　spirit；　here　the　living　individual
embodiments　of　the　national　spirit　fall　by　their　own　individuality　and　disappear　in　one　universal
community；　whose　bare　universality　is　soulless　and　dead；　and　whose　living　activity　is　found　in　the
particular　individual　qua　particular。　The　ethical　form　and　embodiment　of　the　life　of　spirit　has
passed　away；　and　another　mode　appears　in　its　place。

This　disappearance　of　the　ethical　substance；　and　its　transition　into　another　mode　are　thus
determined　by　the　ethical　consciousness　being　directed　upon　the　law　essentially　in　an　immediate
way。　It　lies　in　this　character　of　immediacy　that　nature　at　all　enters　into　the　acts　which　constitute　the
ethical　life。　Its　realization　simply　reveals　the　contradiction　and　the　germ　of　destruction；　which　lie　hid
within　that　very　peace　and　beauty　belonging　to　the　gracious　harmony　and　peaceful　equilibrium　of
the　ethical　spirit。　For　the　essence　and　meaning　of　this　immediacy　contains　a　contradiction：　it　is　at
once　the　unconscious　peace　of　nature　and　the　self…conscious　unresting　peace　of　spirit。　On　account
of　this　〃naturalness〃；　this　ethical　nation　is；　in　general；　an　individuality　determined　by　nature；　and
therefore　limited；　and　thus　finds　its　dissolution　in；　and　gives