the evolution of modern medicine-第33章

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geon；　opened　the　cavities　of　the　body。　A　member　of　a　famous　Basel　family　of　physicians；　Felix　Plater；　has　left　us　in　his　autobiography＇19＇　details　of　the　dissections　he　witnessed　at　Montpellier　between　November　14；　1552；　and　January　10；　1557；　only　eleven　in　number。　How　difficult　it　was　at　that　time　to　get　subjects　is　shown　by　the　risks　they　ran　in　〃body…snatching〃　expeditions；　of　which　he　records　three。

＇19＇　There　is　no　work　from　which　we　can　get　a　better　idea　of　the　life　of　the　sixteenth…century　medical　student　and　of　the　style　of　education　and　of　the　degree　ceremonies；　etc。　　Cumston　has　given　an　excellent　summary　of　it　（Johns　Hopkins　Hospital　Bulletin；　1912；　XXIII；　105…113）。


And　now　came　the　real　maker　of　modern　anatomy。　　Andreas　Vesalius　had　a　good　start　in　life。　　Of　a　family　long　associated　with　the　profession；　his　father　occupied　the　position　of　apothecary　to　Charles　V；　whom　he　accompanied　on　his　journeys　and　campaigns。　Trained　at　Louvain；　he　had；　from　his　earliest　youth；　an　ardent　desire　to　dissect；　and　cut　up　mice　and　rats；　and　even　cats　and　dogs。　To　Paris；　the　strong　school　of　the　period；　he　went　in　1533；　and　studied　under　two　men　of　great　renown；　Jacob　Sylvius　and　Guinterius。　　Both　were　strong　Galenists　and　regarded　the　Master　as　an　infallible　authority。　　He　had　as　a　fellow　prosector；　under　the　latter；　the　unfortunate　Servetus。　　The　story　of　his　troubles　and　trials　in　getting　bones　and　subjects　you　may　read　in　Roth's　〃Life。〃＇20＇　Many　interesting　biographical　details　are　also　to　be　found　in　his　own　writings。　　He　returned　for　a　time　to　Louvain；　and　here　he　published　his　first　book；　a　commentary　on　the　〃Almansor〃　of　Rhazes；　in　1537。

＇20＇　M。　Roth：　　Andreas　Vesalius　Bruxellensis；　Berlin；　1892。　An　excellent　account　of　Vesalius　and　his　contemporaries　is　given　by　James　Moores　Ball　in　his　superbly　printed　Andreas　Vesalius；　the　Reformer　of　Anatomy；　St。　Louis；　1910。

Finding　it　difficult；　either　in　Paris　or　Louvain；　to　pursue　his　anatomical　studies；　he　decided　to　go　to　Italy　where；　at　Venice　and　Padua；　the　opportunities　were　greater。　　At　Venice；　he　attended　the　practice　of　a　hospital　（now　a　barracks）　which　was　in　charge　of　the　Theatiner　Order。　　I　show　you　a　photograph　of　the　building　taken　last　year。　And　here　a　strange　destiny　brought　two　men　together。　In　1537；　another　pilgrim　was　working　in　Venice　waiting　to　be　joined　by　his　six　disciples。　　After　long　years　of　probation；　Ignatius　Loyola　was　ready　to　start　on　the　conquest　of　a　very　different　world。　　Devoted　to　the　sick　and　to　the　poor；　he　attached　himself　to　the　Theatiner　Order；　and　in　the　wards　of　the　hospital　and　the　quadrangle；　the　fiery；　dark…eyed；　little　Basque　must　frequently　have　come　into　contact　with　the　sturdy　young　Belgian；　busy　with　his　clinical　studies　and　his　anatomy。　　Both　were　to　achieve　phenomenal　successthe　one　in　a　few　years　to　revolutionize　anatomy；　the　other　within　twenty　years　to　be　the　controller　of　universities；　the　counsellor　of　kings；　and　the　founder　of　the　most　famous　order　in　the　Roman　Catholic　Church。　It　was　in　this　hospital　that　Vesalius　made　observations　on　the　China…root；　on　which　he　published　a　monograph　in　1546。　The　Paduan　School　was　close　to　Venice　and　associated　with　it；　so　that　the　young　student　had　probably　many　opportunities　of　going　to　and　fro。　On　the　sixth　of　December；　1537；　before　he　had　reached　his　twenty…fourth　year　and　shortly　after　taking　his　degree；　he　was　elected　to　the　chair　of　surgery　and　anatomy　at　Padua。

The　task　Vesalius　set　himself　to　accomplish　was　to　give　an　accurate　description　of　all　the　parts　of　the　human　body；　with　proper　illustrations。　He　must　have　had　abundant　material；　more；　probably；　than　any　teacher　before　him　had　ever　had　at　his　disposal。　　We　do　not　know　where　he　conducted　his　dissections；　as　the　old　amphitheatre　has　disappeared；　but　it　must　have　been　very　different　from　the　tiny　one　put　up　by　his　successor；　Fabricius；　in　1594。　Possibly　it　was　only　a　temporary　building；　for　he　says　in　the　second　edition　of　the　〃Fabrica〃　that　he　had　a　splendid　lecture　theatre　which　accommodated　more　than　five　hundred　spectators　（p。　681）。

With　Vesalius　disappeared　the　old　didactic　method　of　teaching　anatomy。　He　did　his　own　dissections；　made　his　own　preparations；　and；　when　human　subjects　were　scarce；　employed　dogs；　pigs　or　cats；　and　occasionally　a　monkey。　　For　five　years　he　taught　and　worked　at　Padua。　　He　is　known　to　have　given　public　demonstrations　in　Bologna　and　elsewhere。　　In　the　〃China…root〃　he　remarks　that　he　once　taught　in　three　universities　in　one　year。　The　first　fruit　of　his　work　is　of　great　importance　in　connection　with　the　evolution　of　his　knowledge。　　In　1538；　he　published　six　anatomical　tables　issued　apparently　in　single　leaves。　Of　the　famous　〃Tabulae　Anatomicae〃　only　two　copies　are　known；　one　in　the　San　Marco　Library；　Venice；　and　the　other　in　the　possession　of　Sir　John　Stirling…Maxwell；　whose　father　had　it　reproduced　in　facsimile　（thirty　copies　only）　in　1874。　Some　of　the　figures　were　drawn　by　Vesalius　himself；　and　some　are　from　the　pencil　of　his　friend　and　countryman；　Stephan　van　Calcar。　　Those　plates　were　extensively　pirated。　About　this　time　he　also　edited　for　the　Giunti　some　of　the　anatomical　works　of　Galen。＇21＇

＇21　De　anatomicis　administrationibus；　De　venarum　arterinrumque　dissectione；　included　in　the　various　Juntine　editions　of　Galen。


We　know　very　little　of　his　private　life　at　Padua。　　His　most　important　colleague　in　the　faculty　was　the　famous　Montanus；　professor　of　medicine。　　Among　his　students　and　associates　was　the　Englishman　Caius；　who　lived　in　the　same　house　with　him。　When　the　output　is　considered；　he　cannot　have　had　much　spare　time　at　Padua。

He　did　not　create　human　anatomythat　had　been　done　by　the　Alexandriansbut　he　studied　it　in　so　orderly　and　thorough　a　manner　that　for　the　first　time　in　history　it　could　be　presented　in　a　way　that　explained　the　entire　structure　of　the　human　body。　Early　in　1542　the　MS。　was　ready；　the　drawings　had　been　made　with　infinite　care；　the　blocks　for　the　figures　had　been　cut；　and　in　September；　he　wrote　to　Oporinus　urging　that　the　greatest　pains　should　be　taken　with　the　book；　that　the　paper　should　be　strong　and　of　equal　thickness；　the　workmen　chosen　for　their　skill；　and　that　every　detail　of　the　pictures　must　be　distinctly　visible。　　He　writes　with　the　confidence　of　a　man　who　realized　the　significance　of　the　work　he　had　done。　　It　is　difficult　to　speak　in　terms　of　moderation　of　the　〃Fabrica。〃　　To　appreciate　its　relative　value　one　must　compare　it　with　the　other　anatomical　works　of　the　period；　and　for　this　purpose　I　put　before　you　two　figures　from　a　text…book　on　the　subject　that　was　available　for　students　during　the　first　half　of　the　sixteenth　century。　In　the　figures　and　text　of　the　〃Fabrica〃　we　have　anatomy　as　we　know　it；　and　let　us　be　honest　and　say；　too；　largely　as　Galen　knew　it。　Time　will　not　allow　me　to　go　into　the　question　of　the　relations　of　these　two　great　anatomists；　but　we　must　remember　that　at　this　period　Galen　ruled　supreme；　and　was　regarded　in　the　schools　as　infallible。　And　now；　after　five　years　of　incessant　labor；　Vesalius　was　prepared　to　leave　his　much　loved　Padua　and　his　devoted　students。　He　had　accomplished　an　extraordinary　work。　He　knew；　I　feel　sure；　what　he　had　done。　　He　knew　that　the　MSS。　contained　something　that　the　world　had　not　seen　since　the　great　Pergamenian　sent　the　rolls　of　his　〃Manual　of　Anatomy〃　among　his　friends。　Too　precious　to　entrust　to　any　printer　but　the　bestand　the　best　in　the　middle　of　the　sixteenth　century　was　Transalpinehe　was　preparing　to　go　north　with　the　precious　burden。　We　can　picture　the　youthful　teacherhe　was　but　twenty…eightamong　students　in　a　university　which　they　themselves　controlledsome　of　them　perhaps　the　very　men　who　five　years　before　had　elected　himat　the　last　meeting　with　his　class；　perhaps　giving　a　final　demonstration　of　the　woodcuts；　which　were　of　an　accuracy　and　beauty　never　seen　before　by　students'　eyes；　and　reading　his　introduction。　There　would　be　sad　hearts　at　the　parting；　for　never　had　anyone　taught　anatomy　as　he　had　taught　itno　one　had　ever　known　anatomy　as　he　knew　it。　But　the　strong；　confident　look　was　on　his　face　and　with　the　courage　of　youth　and　sure　of　the　future；　he　would　picture　a　happy　return　to　attack　new