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silvered over。

18。 FOR COPPERING IRON
This is the latest method�察�and that now in use。 To a solution of sulphate 
of copper�察�add a solution of ferrocyanide of pottasium�察�so long as a 
precipitate continues to be formed。 This is allowed to settle�察�and the 
clear liquor being decanted the vessel is filled with water�察�and when the 
precipitate settles the liquor is again decanted�察�and continue to repeat 
these washings until the sulphate of potash is washed quite out�察�this is 
known by adding a little chloride of barium to a small quantity of the 
washings�察�and when there is no white precipitate formed by the test�察�the 
precipitate is sufficiently washed。 A solution of cyanide of potassium is 
now added to this precipitate until it is dissolved�察�during which process 
the solution becomes warm by the chemical re´action which takes place。 The 
solution is filtered�察�and allowed to repose all night。 If the solution of 
cyanide of potassium that is used is strong�察�the greater portion of the 
ferrocyanide of potassium crystalises in the solution�察�and may be 
collected and preserved for use again。 If the solution of cyanide of 
potassium used to dissolve the precipitate is dilute�察�it will be necessary 
to condense the liquor by evaporation to obtain the yellow prussiate in 
crystals。 The remaining solution is the coppering solution�察�should it not 
be convenient to separate the yellow prussiate by crystallization�察�the 
presence of that salt in the solution does not deteriorate it nor 
interfere with its power of depositing copper。






          19。 PECULIARITIES IN WORKING CYANIDE OF COPPER SOLUTION
The true composition of the salts thus formed by copper and cyanide of 
potassium has not yet been determined�察�but their relations to the battery 
and electrolyzation are peculiar。 The solution must be worked at a heat 
not less than from 150~ to 200~ Farenheit ��that is not quite as hot a 
boiling water�察�which is 212~ Farenheit。�� All other solutions we have tried 
follow the laws�察�that if the electricity is so strong as to cause gas to 
be evolved at the electrode�察�the metal will be deposited in a sandy or 
powdered state�察�but the solution of cyanide of copper and potassium is an 
exception to these laws�察�as there is no reguline deposit obtained unless 
gas is freely evolved from the surface of the article upon which the 
deposit is taking place。 As this solution is used hot�察�a considerable 
evaporation takes place�察�which requires that additions be made to the 
solution from time to time。 If water alone be used for this purpose it 
will precipitate a great quantity of the copper as a white powder�察�but 
this is prevented by dissolving a little cyanide of potassium in the water 
at the rate of 4 ounces to the gallon。 The vessels used in factories for 
this solution are generally of copper�察�which are heated over a flue or in 
a sand´bath�察�the vessel itself serving as the positive electrode of the 
battery�察�but any vessel will suit if a copper electrode is employed when 
the vessel is not of copper。

              20。 PREPARATION OF IRON FOR COATING WITH COPPER
When it is required to cover an iron article with copper�察�it is first 
steeped in hot caustic potash or soda to remove any grease or oil。 Being 
washed from that it is placed for a short time in diluted sulphuric acid�察�
consisting of about one part acid to 16 parts of water�察�which removes any 
oxide that may exist。 It is then washed in water and scoured with sand 
till the surface is perfectly clean�察�and finally attached to the battery 
and immersed in the cyanide solution。 All this must be done with despatch 
so as to prevent the iron combining with oxygen。 An immersion of five 
minutes duration in the cyanide solution is sufficient to deposit upon the 
iron a film of copper�察�but it is necessary to the complete protection of 
the iron that it should have a considerably thick coating�察�and as the 
cyanide process is expensive�察�it is preferable when the iron has received 
a film of copper by the cyanide solution�察�to take it out�察�wash it in 
water�察�and attach to it a simple cell or weak battery�察�and put it into a 
solution of sulphate of copper。 If there is any part not sufficiently 
covered with copper by the cyanide solution�察�the sulphate will make these 
parts of a dark colour�察�which a touch of the finger will remove。 When such 
is the case�察�the article must be taken out�察�scoured�察�and put again into 
the cyanide solution till perfectly covered。 A little practice will render 
this very easy。 The sulphate solution for covering iron should be prepared 
by adding it by degrees a little caustic potash�察�so long as the 
precipitate formed is re´dissolved。 This neutralizes a great portion of 
the sulphuric acid�察�and thus the iron is not so readily acted upon。 When 
the iron is thus coppered�察�proceed to silver it in the manner recommended 
for silvering according to receipt No。9�察�or if you want to put a very 
heavy coating of silver on it�察�make use of a strong battery。









                            21。 SOLDERING FLUID
For mending articles of tin�察�iron�察�zinc�察�copper�察�and almost all other 
metals。 Take 2 fl。 ounces of muriatic acid�察�add zinc till bubbles cease to 
rise�察�add 1/2 a teaspoonful of sal ammoniac and 2 ounces of water。 Damp 
the part you wish to solder with this fluid�察�lay on a small piece of lead�察�
and with a piece of hot iron or soldering iron solder the part。

                            22。 SOLDER FOR TIN
Take of pewter 4 parts�察�tin 1 part�察�bismuth 1 part�察�melt them together。 
Resin is used with this solder。

23。 COLD METHOD OF SILVERING IRON WITH SILVER´PLATE
Polish the iron toy wish to silver�察�then damp it over with soldering fluid 
��receipt No。21�� When this is done give it a coat of No。22 solder。 This is 
done by laying a piece of cold solder on the iron�察�and spreading it over 
with a heated soldering iron�察�when by this means you get the iron nicely 
plated with solder�察�then lay on your silver´plate evenly�察�and gently rub 
it over with the heated soldering iron�察�and it will become firmly united 
with the solder as the solder is with the iron�察�so that you have the iron 
beautifully plated with silver with very little cost or trouble。

24。 HOT METHOD OF SILVERING IRON WITH SILVER´PLATE
First polish the iron you wish to silver�察�wet it well over with No。21 
soldering fluid�察�then having procured that kind of silver´plate which is 
tin on one side and silver on the other�察�place it evenly on�察�with the 
tined side next to the iron�察�then place it on the fire until the 
silver´plate melts down�察�then at once take it from the fire�察�and it will 
be firmly attached to the iron�察�and will be excellent plate�察�yet No。23�察�
the cold method�察�is to be preferred in most cases。

25。 SILVERING LOOKING´GLASSES WITH QUICKSILVER
Take a piece of marble or some other substance very smooth�察�true�察�and 
level�察�lay on this the glass you wish to silver�察�then make a ridge of 
putty on the marble against the edge of the glass all round it�察�so that 
you can pour quicksilver on the glass until it is all covered over�察�and 
will be prevented from running off by the ridge of putty�察�an inch or two�察�
or three outside this ridge make another of putty�察�then cover the 
quicksilver on the glass all over with tin´foil�察�and press it firmly but 
cautiously against the glass until you have squeezed out all the 
quicksilver you can。 while you press this you may remove part of the first 
ridge of putty to give the quicksilver a chance of escape。 When it is well 
pressed against the glass there will be an amalgam formed of the tin´foil 
and the quicksilver that is left�察�which will firmly adhere to the glass。 
By this means you have a very beautiful and cheap looking´glass�察�the 
quicksilver that escapes�察�being saved by the second ridge of putty�察�may be 
used again。






26。 SILVERING LOOKING´GLASSES WITH PURE SILVER
Prepare a mixture of 3 grains of ammonia�察�60 grains of nitrate of silver�察�
90 minims of spirits of wine�察�90 minims of water�察�when the nitrate of 
silver is dissolved�察�filter the liquid and add a small quantity of sugar 
��15 grains�� dissolved in 1 1/2 oz。 of water�察�and 1 1/2 oz。 of s

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