the malay archipelago-1-第40章
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rigation that would be the pride of the best cultivated parts of Europe。 The whole surface of the country is divided into irregular patches； following the undulations of the ground； from many acres to a few perches in extent； each of which is itself perfectly level； but stands a few inches or several feet above or below those adjacent to it。 Every one of these patches can be flooded or drained at will by means of a system of ditches and small channels； into which are diverted the whole of the streams that descend from the mountains。 Every patch now bore crops in various stages of growth； some almost ready for cutting； and all in the most flourishing condition and of the most exquisite green tints。
The sides of the lanes and bridle roads were often edged with prickly Cacti and a leafless Euphorbia； but the country being so highly cultivated there was not much room for indigenous vegetation； except upon the sea…beach。 We saw plenty of the fine race of domestic cattle descended from the Bos banteng of Java； driven by half naked boys； or tethered in pasture…grounds。 They are large and handsome animals； of a light brown colour； with white legs； and a conspicuous oval patch behind of the same colour。 Wild cattle of the same race are said to be still found in the mountains。 In so well…cultivated a country it was not to be expected that I could do much in natural history； and my ignorance of how important a locality this was for the elucidation of the geographical distribution of animals； caused me to neglect obtaining some specimens which I never met with again。 One of these was a weaver bird with a bright yellow head； which built its bottle…shaped nests by dozens on some trees near the beach。 It was the Ploceus hypoxantha； a native of Java； and here； at the extreme limits of its range westerly； I shot and preserved specimens of a wagtail…thrush； an oriole； and some starlings； all species found in Java； and some of them peculiar to that island。 I also obtained some beautiful butterflies； richly marked with black and orange on a white ground； and which were the most abundant insects in the country lanes。 Among these was a new species； which I have named Pieris tamar。
Leaving Bileling； a pleasant sail of two days brought us to Ampanam in the island of Lombock； where I proposed to remain till I could obtain a passage to Macassar。 We enjoyed superb views of the twin volcanoes of Bali and Lombock； each about eight thousand feet high； which form magnificent objects at sunrise and sunset； when they rise out of the mists and clouds that surround their bases； glowing with the rich and changing tints of these the most charming moments in a tropical day。
The bay or roadstead of Ampanam is extensive； and being at this season sheltered from the prevalent southeasterly winds； was as smooth as a lake。 The beach of black volcanic sand is very steep； and there is at all times； a heavy surf upon it； which during spring…tides increases to such an extent that it is often impossible for boats to land； and many serious accidents have occurred。 Where we lay anchored； about a quarter of a mile from the shore； not the slightest swell was perceptible； but on approaching nearer undulations began； which rapidly increased； so as to form rollers which toppled over onto the beach at regular intervals with a noise like thunder。 Sometimes this surf increases suddenly during perfect calms to as great a force and fury as when a gale of wind is blowing； beating to pieces all boats that may not have been hauled sufficiently high upon the beach； and carrying away uncautious natives。 This violent surf is probably in some way dependent upon the swell of the great southern ocean and the violent currents that flow through the Straits of Lombock。 These are so uncertain that vessels preparing to anchor in the bay are sometimes suddenly swept away into the straits； and are not able to get back again for a fortnight。
What seamen call the 〃ripples〃 are also very violent in the straits； the sea appearing to boil and foam and dance like the rapids below a cataract； vessels are swept about helplessly； and small ones are occasionally swamped in the finest weather and under the brightest skies。
I felt considerably relieved when all my boxes and myself had passed in safety through the devouring surf； which the natives look upon with some pride； saying； that 〃their sea is always hungry； and eats up everything it can catch。〃 I was kindly received by Mr。 Carter； an Englishman； who is one of the Bandars or licensed traders of the port； who offered me hospitality and every assistance during my stay。 His house； storehouses； and offices were in a yard surrounded by a tall bamboo fence； and were entirely constructed of bamboo with a thatch of grass； the only available building materials。 Even these were now very scarce； owing to the great consumption in rebuilding the place since the great fire some months before； which in an hour or two had destroyed every building in the town。
The next day I went to see Mr。 S。； another merchant to whom I had brought letters of introduction； and who lived about seven miles off。 Mr。 Carter kindly lent me a horse； and I was accompanied by a young Dutch gentleman residing at Ampanam； who offered to be my guide。 We first passed through the town and suburbs along a straight road bordered by mud walls and a fine avenue of lofty trees； then through rice…fields； irrigated in the same manner as I had seen them at Bileling； and afterwards over sandy pastures near the sea； and occasionally along the beach itself。 Mr。 S。 received us kindly； and offered me a residence at his house should I think the neighbourhood favourable for my pursuits。 After an early breakfast we went out to explore； taking guns and insect nets。 We reached some low hills which seemed to offer the most favourable ground； passing over swamps； sandy flats overgrown with coarse sedges； and through pastures and cultivated grounds； finding however very little in the way of either birds or insects。 On our way we passed one or two human skeletons； enclosed within a small bamboo fence； with the clothes； pillow； mat； and betel…box of the unfortunate individual； who had been either murdered or executed。 Returning to the house； we found a Balinese chief and his followers on a visit。 Those of higher rank sat on chairs； the others squatted on the floor。 The chief very coolly asked for beer and brandy； and helped himself and his followers； apparently more out of curiosity than anything else as regards the beer； for it seemed very distasteful to them； while they drank the brandy in tumblers with much relish。
Returning to Ampanam； I devoted myself for some days to shooting the birds of the neighbourhood。 The fine fig…trees of the avenues； where a market was held； were tenanted by superb orioles （Oriolus broderpii） of a rich orange colour； and peculiar to this island and the adjacent ones of Sumbawa and Flores。 All round the town were abundance of the curious Tropidorhynchus timoriensis； allied to the Friar bird of Australia。 They are here called 〃Quaich…quaich；〃 from their strange loud voice； which seems to repeat these words in various and not unmelodious intonations。
Every day boys were to be seen walking along the roads and by the hedges and ditches； catching dragonflies with birdlime。 They carry a slender stick； with a few twigs at the end well annointed； so that the least touch captures the insect； whose wings are pulled off before it is consigned to a small basket。 The dragon… flies are so abundant at the time of the rice flowering that thousands are soon caught in this way。 The bodies are fried in oil with onions and preserved shrimps； or sometimes alone； and are considered a great delicacy。 In Borneo； Celebes； and many other islands； the larvae of bees and wasps are eaten； either alive as pulled out of the cells； or fried like the dragonflies。 In the Moluccas the grubs of the palm…beetles （Calandra） are regularly brought to market in bamboos and sold for food； and many of the great horned Lamellicorn beetles are slightly roasted on the embers and eaten whenever met with。 The superabundance of insect life is therefore turned to some account by these islanders。
Finding that birds were not ver
