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     I go further�此�if�察�short of being guilty of any wrong himself�察�he saw the 

evil    doings    of  others    with    approval�察   �reason    were    he   should     be  held 

blameworthy。        Listen    then�此  �Socrates     was    well   aware     that  Critias    was 

attached to Euthydemus�撮�16�А�aware too that he was endeavouring to deal 

by him after the manner of those wantons whose love is carnal of the body。 

From   this   endeavour   he   tried   to   deter   him�察  �pointing   out   how   illiberal   a 

thing it was�察�how ill befitting a man of honour to appear as a beggar before 

him   whom   he       loved�察  �in   whose    eyes   he   would     fain  be   precious�察   �ever 

petitioning for something base to give and base to get。 

     ��16�А�See below�察�IV。 ii。 1 ��if the same person��。 

     But   when   this   reasoning   fell   on   deaf   ears   and   Critias   refused   to   be 

turned aside�察�Socrates�察�as the story goes�察�took occasion of the presence of a 

whole company and of Euthydemus to remark that Critias appeared to be 

suffering from a swinish affection�察�or else why this desire to rub himself 

against Euthydemus like a herd of piglings scraping against stones。 

     The hatred of Critias to Socrates doubtless dates from this incident。 He 

treasured it up against him�察�and afterwards�察�when he was one of the Thirty 

and associated with Charicles as their official lawgiver�撮�17�А�he framed the 

law   against   teaching   the   art   of   words��18�А  �merely  from  a   desire   to   vilify 

Socrates。 He was at a loss to know how else to lay hold of him except by 

levelling against him the vulgar charge��19�А�against philosophers�察�by which 

he hoped to prejudice him with the public。 It was a charge quite unfounded 

as regards Socrates�察�if I may judge from anything I ever heard fall from his 

lips myself or have learnt about him from others。 But the animus of Critias 

was     clear。  At   the   time   when     the  Thirty    were    putting   citizens�察   �highly 

respectable   citizens�察  �to   death   wholesale�察  �and   when   they   were   egging   on 

one   man   after   another   to   the   commission   of   crime�察  �Socrates   let   fall   an 

observation�此 �It would be sufficiently extraordinary if the keeper of a herd 

of   cattle��20�А  �who   was   continually   thinning   and   impoverishing   his   cattle 

did not admit himself to be a sorry sort of herdsman�察�but that a ruler of the 

state who was continually thinning and impoverishing the citizens should 



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neither be ashamed nor admit himself to be a sorry sort of ruler was more 

extraordinary        still。;  The    remark     being    reported     to   the   government�察�

Socrates was summoned by Critias and Charicles�察�who proceeded to point 

out the law and forbade him to converse with the young。 ;Was it open to 

him�察─  �Socrates   inquired   of   the   speaker�察   �in   case   he   failed   to   understand 

their commands in any point�察�to ask for an explanation�拭─�

     ��17�А    �Lit。   ;Nomothetes。;        See    ;Hell。;    II。  iii。  2�察 �Dem。      706。    For 

Charicles see Lys。 ;c。 Eratosth。; S。 56�察�Aristot。 ;Pol。; v。 6。 6。 

     ��18�А�See Diog。 Laert。 II。 v。 �─�Socr。;�� 

     ��19�А  �i。e。   ��to  ton   etto  logon    kreitto   poiein���察    �of   making     the  worse 

appear the better cause。; Cf。 Arist。 ;Clouds。; 

     ��20�А�See Dio Chrys。 ;Or。; 43。 

     ;Certainly�察─�the two assented。 

     Then      Socrates�此    �I  am    prepared     to   obey    the   laws�察   �but   to   avoid 

transgression of the law through ignorance I need instruction�此�is it on the 

supposition   that   the   art   of   words   tends   to   correctness   of   statement   or   to 

incorrectness that you bid us abstain from it�拭�for if the former�察�it is clear 

we must abstain from speeking correctly�察�but if the latter�察�our endeavour 

should be to amend our speech。 

     To   which   Charicles�察  �in   a   fit   of   temper�察  �retorted�此  �In   consideration   of 

your   ignorance�撮�21�А  �Socrates�察  �we   will   frame   the   prohibition   in   language 

better suited to your intelligence�此�we forbid you to hold any conversation 

whatsoever with the young。 

     ��21�А�See Aristot。 ;de Soph。 El。; 183 b7。 

     Then   Socrates�此�To   avoid   all   ambiguity  then�察�or   the possibility  of   my 

doing anything else than what you are pleased to command�察�may I ask you 

to define up to what age a human being is to be considered young�拭�

     For   just   so   long   a   time   ��Charicles   answered��   as   he   is   debarred   from 

sitting   as   a   member   of   the   Council�撮�22�А  �as   not   having   attained   to   the 

maturity of wisdom�察�accordingly you will not hold converse with any one 

under the age of thirty。 

     ��22�А�The Boule or Senate。 See W。 L。 Newman�察 �Pol。 Aristot。; i。 326。 

     Soc。 In making a purchase even�察�I am not to ask�察�what is the price of 



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this�拭�if the vendor is under the age of thirty�拭�

     Cha。 Tut�察�things of that sort�此�but you know�察�Socrates�察�that you have a 

way   of   asking   questions�察  �when   all   the   while   you   know   how   the   matter 

stands。 Let us have no questions of that sort。 

     Soc。   Nor   answers   either�察  �I   suppose�察  �if   the   inquiry   concerns   what   I 

know�察�as�察�for instance�察�where does Charicles live�拭�or where is Critias to be 

found�拭�

     Oh yes�察�of course�察�things of that kind ��replied Charicles���察�while Critias 

added�此    �But   at   the  same    time    you   had   better   have    done    with   your 

shoemakers�察�carpenters�察�and coppersmiths。��23�А�These must be pretty well 

trodden out at heel by this time�察�considering the circulation you have given 

them。 

     ��23�А�Cf。 Plat。 ;Gorg。; 491 A�察 �Symp。; 221 E�察�Dio Chrys。 ;Or。; 55�察�560 

D�察�564 A。 

     Soc。 And am I to hold away from their attendant topics alsothe just�察�

the holy�察�and the like�拭�

     Most assuredly ��answered Charicles���察�and from cowherds in particular�察�

or else see that you do not lessen the number of the herd yourself。 

     Thus the secret was out。 The remark of Socrates about the cattle had 

come to their ears�察�and they could not forgive the author of it。 

     Perhaps enough has been said to explain the kind of intimacy which 

had    subsisted    between     Critias  and   Socrates�察   �and   their  relation   to  one 

another。    But   I  will  venture    to  maintain    that  where    the   teacher   is  not 

pleasing to the pupil there is no education。 Now it cannot be said of Critias 

and Alcibiades that they associated with Socrates because they found him 

pleasing to them。 And this is true of the whole period。 From the first their 

eyes were fixed on the headship of the state as their final goal。 During the 

time of their imtimacy with Socrates there were no disputants whom they 

were more eager to encounter than professed politicians。 

     Thus the story is told of Alcibiadeshow before the age of twenty he 

engaged his own guardian�察�Pericles�察�at that time prime minister of the state�察�

in a discussion concerning laws。 

     Alc。 Please�察�Pericles�察�can you teach me what a law is�拭�



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     Per。 To be sure I can。 

     Alc。  I   should   be   so   much   obliged if   you   would   do   so。   One so   often 

hears the epithet ;law´abiding; applied in a complimentary sense�察�yet�察�it 

strikes   me�察  �one   hardly   deserves   the   compliment�察  �if   one   does   not   know 

what a law is。 

     Per。 Fortunately there is a ready answer to your difficulty。 You wish to 

know what a law is�拭�Well�察�those are laws which the majority�察�being met 

together in conclave�察�

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