the memorabilia(射廷瞳)-及5嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
I go further�此�if�察�short of being guilty of any wrong himself�察�he saw the
evil doings of others with approval�察 �reason were he should be held
blameworthy。 Listen then�此 �Socrates was well aware that Critias was
attached to Euthydemus�撮�16�А�aware too that he was endeavouring to deal
by him after the manner of those wantons whose love is carnal of the body。
From this endeavour he tried to deter him�察 �pointing out how illiberal a
thing it was�察�how ill befitting a man of honour to appear as a beggar before
him whom he loved�察 �in whose eyes he would fain be precious�察 �ever
petitioning for something base to give and base to get。
��16�А�See below�察�IV。 ii。 1 ��if the same person��。
But when this reasoning fell on deaf ears and Critias refused to be
turned aside�察�Socrates�察�as the story goes�察�took occasion of the presence of a
whole company and of Euthydemus to remark that Critias appeared to be
suffering from a swinish affection�察�or else why this desire to rub himself
against Euthydemus like a herd of piglings scraping against stones。
The hatred of Critias to Socrates doubtless dates from this incident。 He
treasured it up against him�察�and afterwards�察�when he was one of the Thirty
and associated with Charicles as their official lawgiver�撮�17�А�he framed the
law against teaching the art of words��18�А �merely from a desire to vilify
Socrates。 He was at a loss to know how else to lay hold of him except by
levelling against him the vulgar charge��19�А�against philosophers�察�by which
he hoped to prejudice him with the public。 It was a charge quite unfounded
as regards Socrates�察�if I may judge from anything I ever heard fall from his
lips myself or have learnt about him from others。 But the animus of Critias
was clear。 At the time when the Thirty were putting citizens�察 �highly
respectable citizens�察 �to death wholesale�察 �and when they were egging on
one man after another to the commission of crime�察 �Socrates let fall an
observation�此 �It would be sufficiently extraordinary if the keeper of a herd
of cattle��20�А �who was continually thinning and impoverishing his cattle
did not admit himself to be a sorry sort of herdsman�察�but that a ruler of the
state who was continually thinning and impoverishing the citizens should
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neither be ashamed nor admit himself to be a sorry sort of ruler was more
extraordinary still。; The remark being reported to the government�察�
Socrates was summoned by Critias and Charicles�察�who proceeded to point
out the law and forbade him to converse with the young。 ;Was it open to
him�察─ �Socrates inquired of the speaker�察 �in case he failed to understand
their commands in any point�察�to ask for an explanation�拭─�
��17�А �Lit。 ;Nomothetes。; See ;Hell。; II。 iii。 2�察 �Dem。 706。 For
Charicles see Lys。 ;c。 Eratosth。; S。 56�察�Aristot。 ;Pol。; v。 6。 6。
��18�А�See Diog。 Laert。 II。 v。 �─�Socr。;��
��19�А �i。e。 ��to ton etto logon kreitto poiein���察 �of making the worse
appear the better cause。; Cf。 Arist。 ;Clouds。;
��20�А�See Dio Chrys。 ;Or。; 43。
;Certainly�察─�the two assented。
Then Socrates�此 �I am prepared to obey the laws�察 �but to avoid
transgression of the law through ignorance I need instruction�此�is it on the
supposition that the art of words tends to correctness of statement or to
incorrectness that you bid us abstain from it�拭�for if the former�察�it is clear
we must abstain from speeking correctly�察�but if the latter�察�our endeavour
should be to amend our speech。
To which Charicles�察 �in a fit of temper�察 �retorted�此 �In consideration of
your ignorance�撮�21�А �Socrates�察 �we will frame the prohibition in language
better suited to your intelligence�此�we forbid you to hold any conversation
whatsoever with the young。
��21�А�See Aristot。 ;de Soph。 El。; 183 b7。
Then Socrates�此�To avoid all ambiguity then�察�or the possibility of my
doing anything else than what you are pleased to command�察�may I ask you
to define up to what age a human being is to be considered young�拭�
For just so long a time ��Charicles answered�� as he is debarred from
sitting as a member of the Council�撮�22�А �as not having attained to the
maturity of wisdom�察�accordingly you will not hold converse with any one
under the age of thirty。
��22�А�The Boule or Senate。 See W。 L。 Newman�察 �Pol。 Aristot。; i。 326。
Soc。 In making a purchase even�察�I am not to ask�察�what is the price of
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this�拭�if the vendor is under the age of thirty�拭�
Cha。 Tut�察�things of that sort�此�but you know�察�Socrates�察�that you have a
way of asking questions�察 �when all the while you know how the matter
stands。 Let us have no questions of that sort。
Soc。 Nor answers either�察 �I suppose�察 �if the inquiry concerns what I
know�察�as�察�for instance�察�where does Charicles live�拭�or where is Critias to be
found�拭�
Oh yes�察�of course�察�things of that kind ��replied Charicles���察�while Critias
added�此 �But at the same time you had better have done with your
shoemakers�察�carpenters�察�and coppersmiths。��23�А�These must be pretty well
trodden out at heel by this time�察�considering the circulation you have given
them。
��23�А�Cf。 Plat。 ;Gorg。; 491 A�察 �Symp。; 221 E�察�Dio Chrys。 ;Or。; 55�察�560
D�察�564 A。
Soc。 And am I to hold away from their attendant topics alsothe just�察�
the holy�察�and the like�拭�
Most assuredly ��answered Charicles���察�and from cowherds in particular�察�
or else see that you do not lessen the number of the herd yourself。
Thus the secret was out。 The remark of Socrates about the cattle had
come to their ears�察�and they could not forgive the author of it。
Perhaps enough has been said to explain the kind of intimacy which
had subsisted between Critias and Socrates�察 �and their relation to one
another。 But I will venture to maintain that where the teacher is not
pleasing to the pupil there is no education。 Now it cannot be said of Critias
and Alcibiades that they associated with Socrates because they found him
pleasing to them。 And this is true of the whole period。 From the first their
eyes were fixed on the headship of the state as their final goal。 During the
time of their imtimacy with Socrates there were no disputants whom they
were more eager to encounter than professed politicians。
Thus the story is told of Alcibiadeshow before the age of twenty he
engaged his own guardian�察�Pericles�察�at that time prime minister of the state�察�
in a discussion concerning laws。
Alc。 Please�察�Pericles�察�can you teach me what a law is�拭�
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Per。 To be sure I can。
Alc。 I should be so much obliged if you would do so。 One so often
hears the epithet ;law´abiding; applied in a complimentary sense�察�yet�察�it
strikes me�察 �one hardly deserves the compliment�察 �if one does not know
what a law is。
Per。 Fortunately there is a ready answer to your difficulty。 You wish to
know what a law is�拭�Well�察�those are laws which the majority�察�being met
together in conclave�察�