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the civilization of the renaissance in italy-及52嫗

弌傍�� the civilization of the renaissance in italy 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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terza  rima。' Just as Niccolo da Uzzano published his scheme for a new  constitution�察�Machiavelli his view of the history of his own time�察�a  third�察�the life of Savonarola�察�and a fourth the siege of Piombino by  Alfonso the Great�察�in this difficult meter�察�in order to produce a  stronger effect�察�so did many others feel the need of hexameters�察�in  order to win their special public。 What was then tolerated and  demanded�察�in this shape�察�is best shown by the didactic poetry of the  time。 Its popularity in the fifteenth century is something astounding。  The most distinguished humanists were ready to celebrate in Latin  hexameters the most commonplace�察�ridiculous�察�or disgusting themes�察�such  as the making of gold�察�the game of chess�察�the management of silkworms�察 �astrology�察�and venereal diseases _��morbus gallicus���察�_to say nothing of  many long Italian poems of the same kind。 Nowadays this class of poem  is condemned unread�察�and how far�察�as a matter of fact�察�they are really  worth the reading�察�we are unable to say。 One thing is certain�此�epochs  far above our own in the sense of beautythe Renaissance and the  Greco´Roman worldcould not dispense with this form of poetry。 It may  be urged in reply�察�that it is not the lack of a sense of beauty�察�but  the greater seriousness and the altered method of scientific treatment  which renders the poetical form inappropriate�察�on which point it is  unnecessary to enter。

One of these didactic works has been occasionally republishedthe  'Zodiac of Life��' by Marcellus Palingenius ��Pier Angelo Manzolli���察�a  secret adherent of Protestantism at Ferrara�察�written about 1528。 With  the loftiest 。speculations on God�察�virtue�察�and immortality�察�the writer  connects the discussion of many questions of practical life�察�and is�察�on  this account�察�an authority of some weight in the history of morals。 On  the whole�察�however�察�his hi fruit of contrast�察�nor the 'burla��' for  their subject�察�their aim is merely to give simple and elegant  expression to wise sayings and pretty stories or fables。 But if  anything proves the great antiquity of the collection�察�it is precisely  this absence of satire。 For with the fourteenth century comes Dante�察 �who�察�in the utterance of scorn�察�leaves all other poets in the world far  behind�察�and who�察�if only on account of his great picture of the  deceivers�察�must be called the chief master of colossal comedy。 With  Petrarch begin the collections of witty sayings after the pattern of  Plutarch ��Apophthegmata�察�etc。��。

is no verbal imitation�察�in precisely the tone and style of the verses  on Lesbia's sparrow。 There are short poems of this sort�察�the date of  which even a critic would be unable to fix�察�in the absence of positive  evidence that they are works of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries。

On the other hand�察�we can find scarcely an ode in the Sapphic or Alcaic  meter�察�which does not clearly betray its modern origin。 This is shown  mostly by a rhetorical verbosity�察�rare in antiquity before the time of  Statius�察�and by a singular want of the lyrical concentration which is  indispensable to this style of poetry。 Single passages in an ode�察 �sometimes two or three strophes together�察�may look like an ancient  fragment�察�but a longer extract will seldom keep this character  throughout。 And where it does so�察�as�察�for instance�察�in the fine Ode to  Venus�察�by Andrea Navagero�察�it is easy to detect a simple paraphrase of  ancient masterpieces。 Some of the ode´writers take the saints for their  subject�察�and invoke them in verses tastefully modelled after the  pattern of analogous odes of Horace and Catullus。 This is the manner of  Navagero�察�in the Ode to the Archangel Gabriel�察�and particularly of  Sannazaro�察�who goes still further in his appropriation of pagan  sentiment。 He celebrates above all his patron saint�察�whose chapel was  attached to his lovely villa on the shores of Posilippo�察�'there where  the waves of the sea drink up the stream from the rocks�察�and surge  against the walls of the little sanctuary。' His delight is in the  annual feast of St。 Nazzaro�察�and the branches and garlands with which  t_e chapel is hung on this day seem to him like sacrificial gifts。 Full  of sorrow�察�and far off in exile�察�at St。 Nazaire�察�on the banks of the  Loire�察�with the banished Federigo of Aragon�察�he brings wreaths of box  and oak leaves to his patron saint on the same anniversary�察�thinking of  former years�察�when all the youth of Posilippo used to come forth to  greet him on flower´hung boats�察�and praying that he may return home。

Perhaps the most deceptive likeness to the classical style is borne by  a class of poems in elegiacs or hexameters�察�whose subject ranges from  elegy�察�strictly so called�察�to epigram。 As the humanists dealt most  freely of all with the text of the Roman elegiac poets�察�so they felt  themselves most at home in imitating them。 The elegy of Navagero  addressed to the Night�察�like other poems of the same age and kind�察�is  full of points which remind us of his model�察�but it has the finest  antique ring about it。 Indeed Navagero always begins by choosing a  truly poetical subject�察�which he then treats�察�not with servile  imitation�察�but with masterly freedom�察�in the style of the Anthology�察�of  Ovid�察�of Catullus�察�or of the Virgilian eclogues。 He makes a sparing use  of mythology�察�only�察�for instance�察�to introduce a sketch of country  life�察�in a prayer to Ceres and other rural divinities。 An address to  his country�察�on his return from an embassy to Spain�察�though left  unfinished�察�might have been worthy of a place beside the 'Bella Italia�察 �amate sponde' of Vincenzo Monti�察�if the rest had been equal to this  beginning��

'Salve cura Deum�察�mundi felicior ora�察�Formosae Veneris dulces salvete  recessus�察�Ut vos post tantos animi mentisque labores Aspicio lustroque  libens�察�ut munere vestro Sollicitas toto depello e pectore curas� �'

The elegiac or hexametric form was that in which all higher sentiment  found expression�察�both the noblest patriotic enthusiasm and the most  elaborate eulogies on the ruling houses�察�as well as the tender  melancholy of a Tibullus。 Francesco Maria Molza�察�who rivals Statius and  Martial in his flattery of Clement VII and the Farnesi�察�gives us in his  elegy to his 'comrades��' written from a sick´bed�察�thoughts on death as  beautiful and genuinely antique as can be found in any of the poets of  antiquity�察�and this without borrowing anything worth speaking of from  them。 The spirit and range of Roman elegy were best understood and  reproduced by Sannazaro�察�and no other writer of his time offers us so  varied a choice of good poems in this style as he。 We shall have  occasion now and then to speak of some of these elegies in reference to  the matter they treat of。

The Latin epigram finally became in those days an affair of serious  importance�察�since a few clever lines�察�engraved on a monument or quoted  with laughter in society�察�could lay the foundation of a scholar's  celebrity。 This tendency showed itself early in Italy。 When it was  known that Guido da Polenta wished to erect a monument at Dante's  grave�察�epitaphs poured in from all directions�察�'written by such as  wished to show themselves�察�or to honour the dead poet�察�or to win the  favour of Polenta。' On the tomb of the Archbishop Giovanni Visconti ��d。  1354���察�in the Cathedral at Milan�察�we read at the foot of thirty´six  hexameters�此�'Master Gabrius de Zamoreis of Parma�察�Doctor of Laws�察�wrote  these verses。' In course of time�察�chiefly under the influence of  Martial�察�and partly of Catullus�察�an ex´ tensive literature of this sort  was formed。 It was held the greatest of all triumphs�察�if an epigram was  mistaken for a genuine copy from some old marble�察�or if it was so good  that all Italy learned it by heart�察�as happened in the case of some of  Bembo's。 When the Venetian government paid Sannazaro 600 ducats for a  eulogy in three distichs�察�no one thought it an act of generous  prodigality。 The epigram was prized for what it was�察�in truth�察�to all  the educated classes of that agethe concentrated essence of fame。  Nor�察�on the other hand�察�was any man then so powerful as to be above the  reach of a satirical epigram�察�and even the most powerful needed�察�for  every inscription which they set before the public eye�察�the aid of  careful a

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