the foundations of personality-第60章

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distant　purposes；　the　group　must　understand　him；　and　though　he　must　keep　them　in　some　awe　and　fear　of　him；　yet　must　they　feel　that　he　represents　an　understandable　ideal。　The　leader　who　preaches　things　out　of　comprehension　arouses　the　kind　of　opposition　which　finally　crucifies　him。　The　leader　must　feel　superiority　to　his　group；　and　whether　he　proclaims　it　or　not；　he　usually　does。　Now　and　then　he　is　a　cold；　careful　planner；　an　actor　of　emotions　he　does　not　feel；　a　cynic　playing　on　passions　and　ideals　he　does　not　share。　Usually　he　is　deeply　emotional；　sometimes　deeply　intellectual；　but　not　often；　generally　he　has　his　ears　to　the　ground　and　listens　for　the　stir　that　tells　the　way　men　wish　to　be　led。　Then　he　mounts　his　horse；　literally　or　figuratively；　brandishes　his　sword　and　shouts　his　commands。　A　leader　springs　up　in　every　group；　under　almost　all　kinds　of　circumstances。　Let　ten　men　start　out　for　a　walk；　and　in　ten　minutes　one　of　them；　for　some　reason　or　another；　is　giving　the　orders；　is　choosing　and　commanding。　Often　enough　the　leadership　falls　to　social　rank　and　standing　rather　than　to　leadership　qualities。　In　fact；　that　is　the　chief　defect　in　a　society　which　builds　up　rank　and　social　station；　leadership　falls　then　to　men　by　virtue　of　birth；　financial　status　or　some　non…relevant　distinction。　All　one　has　to　do　is　to　read　of　the　misfit　leaders　England's　〃best〃　turned　out　to　be　in　the　early　part　of　the　late　war　to　realize　how　inefficient　and　untrustworthy　such　leadership　may　be。　One　meaning　of　democracy　is　that　no　man　is　a　leader　by　virtue　of　anything　but　his　virtues；　and　that　opportunity　must　be　given　to　the　real　leader　to　come　into　his　own。　Leadership　means　neither　selfishness　nor　altruism；　nor　does　it　connote　wisdom。　A　leader　may　be　rankly　egoistic　and　careless　of　the　welfare　of　his　peopleAlexander；　Napoleonor　he　may　be　imbued　with　a　mission　which　is　altruistic　but　unwise。　Such；　in　my　opinion；　was　Peter　the　Hermit　who　started　the　Crusades。　The　wise　men　of　the　world　lead　only　indirectly；by　a　permeation　of　their　thoughts；　slowly；　into　the　thought　of　the　leaders　of　the　race　and　from　them　downwards。　Adam　Smith　exerted　a　great　influence。　But　how　many　read　his　books？　The　leaders　of　thought　did；　and　they　extended　his　teachings　into　the　community；　but　certainly　not　as　Adam　Smith　taught。　Christ　made　an　upheaval　in　Jerusalem　and　its　vicinity；　a　few　leaders　taught　revisions　of　His　doctrines；　and　as　the　doctrines　passed　along；　they　became　institutionalized　and　dogmatized　into　a　total；　made　up　as　much　of　paganism　as　of　Christ's　teachings。　It　is　the　tragedy　of　those　whose　names　exercise　authority　in　the　world　that　their　teachings　are　often　without　great　influence。　For　all　of　Christ's　teachings；　the　Christian　nations　plunge　into　great　wars　and　repudiate　His　doctrines　as　applicable　neither　to　industry　nor　international　relations。　If　the　leader　needs　certain　qualities；　the　follower　needs　others。　He　must　be　capable　of　attachment　to　the　leader　or　his　institution；　he　must　possess　that　quality　called　loyalty。　Loyalty　is　the　transference　of　the　ego…feeling　to　the　group；　an　institution　or　an　individual。　It　has　in　it　perhaps　the　self…abasement　principle　of　McDougall；　but　perhaps　it　is　just　as　well　to　say　that　admiration；　respect　and　confidence　are　basic　in　it。　Loyalty　differs　from　love　only　in　that　there　is　a　sort　of　inferiority　denoted　in　the　first。　If　you　feel　yourself　superior　to　the　person　or　institution　claiming　your　loyalty；　you　are　not　loyal　in　feeling；　though　you　may　be　in　act；　you　are　bound　by　honor　or　love　and　not　by　loyalty。　Loyalty　in　the　inferior　may　be　awakened　by　many　things；　but　to　be　permanent　the　follower　must　sooner　or　later　feel　himself　a　part　of　the　program。　He　must　have　not　only　duties　and　responsibilities　but　benefits；　and　he　must　be　given　a　visible　symbol　of　membership。　A　child　becomes　loyal　when　he　is　given　a　badge　or　title；　and　so　do　men。　This　is　the　meaning　of　uniforms；　badges；　titles　and　privileges；　they　are　symbols　of　〃belonging〃　and　so　become　symbols　of　loyalty。　From　the　higher　intellects　loyalty　can　only　be　won　if　they　have　a　share　in　conference；　in　the　exertion　of　power　and　in　identification　with　the　institution　in　a　privileged　way。　Though　cash　and　direct　benefit　do　not　insure　loyalty；　they　go　a　long　way　toward　getting　it。　Many　a　man　who　is　a　rebel　as　a　workman　is　loyal　as　a　foreman；　and　while　here　and　there　is　one　who　is　loyal　and　leal｛sic｝　whether　the　wind　blows　good　or　ill；　the　history　and　proverbs　of　men　tell　very　plainly　that　loyalty　usually　disappears　with　the　downfall　of　the　leader；　or　when　benefits　of　one　kind　or　another　are　too　long　delayed。　A　man　may　be　loyal　to　the　leader　or　institution　powerful　and　splendid　in　his　youth　（usually　pride　is　as　much　involved　as　loyalty）；　but　his　children　never　are。　Disciplinability　is　a　quality　of　the　follower。　He　must　be　willing　to　sacrifice　his　freedom　of　action　and　choice　and　turn　it　over　to　another。　Rules　and　regulations　are　necessary　for　efficiency。　In　a　larger　sense；　they　become　laws；　and　the　law…abiding　are　the　disciplined；　ready　to　obey　whatever　law。　Thus　the　reformers　do　not　come　from　the　law…abiding　in　spirit；　it　is　the　rebel　who　changes　laws。　Without　the　law…abiding；　disciplined　spirit　there　would　be　only　anarchy；　and　though　men　have　obeyed　frightful　laws　and　still　do；　this　is　better　than　no　social　discipline。　A　revolution　occurs　when　the　discipline；　i。e。；　the　rules　and　regulations　and　the　rulers　and　regulators；　have　not　kept　pace　with　the　new　ideas　that　have　permeated　society。　Men　are　willing　to　be　governed；　nay；　they　demand　it；　but　there　must　be　at　least　a　rude　conformity　between　the　governed　and　the　laws　by　which　they　are　governed。　In　other　words；　discipline　of　any　kind　is　welcome　if　the　disciplined　believe　it　to　be　right　and　just。　Men　accept　punishment　for　infraction　of　a　law　if　they　believe　themselves　to　be　rightfully　punished；　but　rebel　against　unjust　discipline。　There　are　those　who　deny　either　openly　or　covertly　the　right　of　society　to　regulate　their　lives　or　desires。　In　modern　literature　this　type　of　rebel　is　quite　favor；　ably　depicted；　although　he　is　usually　represented　as　finally　punished　in　one　way　or　another。　Where　a　man　rebels　against　a　specific　type　of　restriction　but　favors　another　kind　he　is　a　reformer；　if　however　he　favors　merely　the　removal　of　restriction　and　regulation＇1＇　he　is　an　anarchist　and；　in　my　opinion；　without　real　knowledge　of　life。　While　the　rebel　who　denies　the　right　of　discipline　exists；　he　is　rare；　the　commonest　rebel　does　not　deny　society's　right　to　regulate　but　either　will　not　or　cannot　keep　his　rebel　desires　in　conformity。　Most　criminals　are　of　this　type；　and　the　inability　to　conform　may　arise　from　many　defects　in　training　or　original　character。　＇1＇　Watch　a　busy　crossing　when　the　traffic　policeman　is　at　work；　regulating　and　disciplining。　Everything　is　orderly；　smooth…working；　and　no　one　complains。　Let　him　step　away　for　a　moment；　at　once　there　is　confusion；　danger　and　the　intensely　competitive　spirit　of　the　drivers　comes　out；　with　the　skillful　and　reckless　and　selfish　invading　the　rights　of　the　less　skilled；　timid　and　considerate。　The　policeman's　return　is　welcomed　by　the　bulk　of　the　drivers。　There　are　very　many　points　of　similarity　between　society　and　the　busy　crossing　which　need　no　elaboration　on　my　part。

In　fact；　though　we　may　rebel　against　discipline　and　its　various　social　modifications；　most　of　us　are　quite　anxious　that　others　shall　be　disciplined　and　raise　the　hue　and　cry　at　once　when　they　rebel。　Behind　this　dislike　of　the　rebel　is　certainly　the　feeling　that　he　predicates　a　superiority　for　himself　by　so　doing；　and　this　injures　our　self…esteem。　Of　course　there　is　and　may　be　a　genuine　belief　that　he　menaces　society　and　its　stability；　but　those　who　raise　this　cry　the　loudest　are　usually　themselves　menaced　either　in　authority　and　power　or　in　some　more　direct　cashable　value。　The　qualities　which　are　now　to　be　briefly　discussed　are　in　the　main　great　inhibitions。　The　moral　code　is　in　great　part　and　by　the　majority　of　men　understood　as　inhibition　and　prohibition。　A　man　is　held　to　be　honest　if　he　does　not　steal　and　truthful　if　he　does　not　lie。　In　reality　this　conception　is　largely　correct；　and　it　is　as　we　extend　our　ideas　of　stealing　and　lying