in darkest england and the way out-第32章
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have been crowded out of the labour market by their younger generation。 But； without making too many allowances on these grounds； I may fairly say that these men have shown themselves not only anxious and willing； but able to work。 Our Factory Superintendent reports：…
Of loss or time there has practically been none since the opening； June 29th。 Each man during his stay； with hardly an exception； has presented himself punctually at opening time and worked more or less assiduously the whole of the labour hours。 The morals of the men have been good； in not more than three instances has there been an overt act of disobedience； insubordination； or mischief。 The men； as a whole； are uniformly civil； willing； and satisfied； they are all fairly industrious； some； and that not a few； are assiduous and energetic。 The Foremen have had no serious complaints to make or delinquencies to report。
On the 15th of August I had a return made of the names and trades and mode of employment of the men at work。 Of the forty in the shops at that moment； eight were carpenters； twelve labourers； two tailors； two sailors； three clerks； two engineers； while among the rest was a shoemaker； two grocers； a cooper； a sailmaker； a musician； a painter； and a stonemason。 Nineteen of these were employed in sawing； cutting and tying up firewood； six were making mats； seven making sacks； and the rest were employed in various odd jobs。 Among them was a Russian carpenter who could not speak a word of English。 The whole place is a hive of industry which fills the hearts of those who go to see it with hope that something is about to be done to solve the difficulty of the unemployed。
Although our Factories will be permanent institutions they will not be anything more than temporary resting…places to those who avail themselves of their advantages。 They are harbours of refuge into which the storm…tossed workman may run and re…fit； so that he may again push out to the ordinary sea of labour and earn his living。 The establishment of these Industrial Factories seems to be one of the most obvious duties of those who would effectually deal with the Social Problem。 They are as indispensable a link in the chain of deliverance as the Shelters； but they are only a link and not a stopping…place。 And we do not propose that they should be regarded as anything but stepping…stones to better things。
These Shops will also be of service for men and women temporarily unemployed who have families； and who possess some sort of a home。 In numerous instances； if by any means these unfortunates could find bread and rent for a few weeks； they would tide over their difficulties； and an untold amount of misery would be averted； In such cases Work would be supplied at their own homes where preferred； especially for the women and children； and such remuneration would be aimed at as would supply the immediate necessities of the hour。 To those who have rent to pay and families to support something beyond rations would be indispensable。
The Labour Shops will enable us to work out our Anti…Sweating experiments。 For instance； we propose at once to commence manufacturing match boxes； for which we shall aim at giving nearly treble the amount at present paid to the poor starving creatures engaged in this work。
In all these workshops our success will depend upon the extent to which we are able to establish and maintain in the minds of the workers sound moral sentiments and to cultivate a spirit of hopefulness and aspiration。 We shall continually seek to impress upon them the fact that while we desire to feed the hungry； and clothe the naked； and provide shelter for the shelterless； we are still more anxious to bring about that regeneration of heart and life which is essential to their future happiness and well…being。
But no compulsion will for a moment be allowed with respect to religion。 The man who professes to love and serve God will be helped because of such profession； and the man who does not will be helped in the hope that he will； sooner or later； in gratitude to God； do the same； but there will be no melancholy misery…making for any。 There is no sanctimonious long face in the Army。 We talk freely about Salvation； because it is to us the very light and joy of our existence。 We are happy； and we wish others to share our joy。 We know by our own experience that life is a very different thing when we have found the peace of God； and are working together with Him for the salvation of the world； instead of toiling for the realisation of worldly ambition or the amassing of earthly gain。
SECTION 3。THE REGIMENTATION OF THE UNEMPLOYED。
When we have got the homeless； penniless tramp washed； and housed； and fed at the Shelter； and have secured him the means of earning his fourpence by chopping firewood； or making mats or cobbling the shoes of his fellow…labourers at the Factory； we have next to seriously address ourselves to the problem of how to help him to get back into the regular ranks of industry。 The Shelter and the Factory are but stepping…stones； which have this advantage； they give us time to look round and to see what there is in a man and what we can make of him。
The first and most obvious thing to do is to ascertain whether there is any demand in the regular market for the labour which is thus thrown upon our hands。 In order to ascertain this I have already established a Labour Bureau； the operations of which I shall at once largely extend； at which employers can register their needs； and workmen can register their names and the kind of work they can do。
At present there is no labour exchange in existence in this country。 The columns of the daily newspaper are the only substitute for this much needed register。 It is one of the many painful consequences arising from the overgrowth of cities。 In a village where everybody knows everybody else this necessity does not exist。 If a farmer wants a couple of extra men for mowing or some more women for binding at harvest time； he runs over in his mind the names of every available person in the parish。 Even in a small town there is little difficulty in knowing who wants employment。 But in the cities this knowledge is not available； hence we constantly hear of persons who would be very glad to employ labour for odd jobs in an occasional stress of work while at the same time hundreds of persons are starving for want of work at another end of the town。 To meet this evil the laws of Supply and Demand have created the Sweating Middlemen； who farm out the unfortunates and charge so heavy a commission for their share that the poor wretches who do the work receive hardly enough to keep body and soul together。 I propose to change all this by establishing Registers which will enable us to lay our hands at a moment's notice upon all the unemployed men in a district in any particular trade。 In this way we should become the universal intermediary between those who have no employment and those who want workmen。
In this we do not propose to supersede or interfere with the regular Trade Unions。 Where Unions exist we should place ourselves in every case in communication with their officials。 But the most helpless mass of misery is to be found among the unorganised labourers who have no Union； and who are； therefore； the natural prey of the middleman。 Take； for instance； one of the most wretched classes of the community； the poor fellows who perambulate the streets as Sandwich Men。 These are farmed out by certain firms。 If you wish to send fifty or a hundred men through London carrying boards announcing the excellence of your goods； you go to an advertising firm who will undertake to supply you with as many sandwich men as you want for two shillings or half a crown a day。 The men are forthcoming； your goods are advertised； you pay your money； but how much of that goes to the men？ About one shilling； or one shilling and threepence； the rest goes to the middleman。 I propose to supersede this middleman by forming a Co…operative Association of Sandwich Men。 At every Shelter there would be a Sandwich Brigade ready in any numbers when wanted。 The cost of registration and organisation； which the men would gladly pay； need
