the origins of contemporary france-1-第94章
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fashionable world; a masquerade of Frenchmen in Spanish costumes; with
a parade of dresses; changing scenes; couplets; a ballet; a singing
and dancing village; a medley of odd characters; gentlemen; servants;
duennas; judges; notaries; lawyers; music…masters; gardeners;
pastoureaux; in short; a spectacle for the eyes and the ears; for all
the senses; the very opposite of the prevailing drama in which three
pasteboard characters; seated on classic chairs; exchange didactic
arguments in an abstract saloon。 And still better; it is an imbroglio
displaying a superabundance of action; amidst intrigues that cross;
interrupt and renew each other; through a pêle…mêle of travesties;
exposures; surprises; mistakes; leaps from windows; quarrels and
slaps; and all in sparkling style; each phrase flashing on all sides;
where responses seem to be cut out by a lapidary; where the eyes would
forget themselves in contemplating the multiplied brilliants of the
dialogue if the mind were not carried along by its rapidity and the
excitement of the action。 But here is another charm; the most welcome
of all in a society passionately fond of Parny; according to an
expression of the Comte d'Artois; which I dare not quote; this appeals
to the senses; the arousing of which constitutes the spiciness and
savor of the piece。 The fruit that hangs ripening and savory on the
branch never falls but always seems on the point of falling; all hands
are extended to catch it; its voluptuousness somewhat veiled but so
much the more provoking; declaring itself from scene to scene; in the
Count's gallantry; in the Countess's agitation; in the simplicity of
Fanchette; in the jestings of Figaro; in the liberties of Susanne; and
reaching its climax in the precocity of Cherubino。 Add to this a
continual double sense; the author hidden behind his characters; truth
put into the mouth of a clown; malice enveloped in simple utterances;
the master duped but saved from being ridiculous by his deportment;
the valet rebellious but preserved from acrimony by his gaiety; and
you can comprehend how Beaumarchais could have the ancient regime
played before its head; put political and social satire on the stage;
publicly attach an expression to each wrong so as to become a by…word;
and ever making a loud report;'44' gather up into a few traits the
entire polemics of the philosophers against the prisons of the State;
against the censorship of literature; against the venality of office;
against the privileges of birth; against the arbitrary power of
ministers; against the incapacity of people in office; and still
better; to sum up in one character every public demand; give the
leading part to a commoner; bastard; bohemian and valet; who; by dint
of dexterity; courage and good…humor; keeps himself up; swims with the
tide; and shoots ahead in his little skiff; avoiding contact with
larger craft and even supplanting his master; accompanying each pull
on the oar with a shower of wit cast broadside at all his rivals。
After all; in France at least; the chief power is intellect。
Literature in the service of philosophy is all…sufficient。 The public
opposes but a feeble resistance to their complicity; the mistress
finding no trouble in convincing those who have already been won over
by the servant
___________________________________________________________
Notes:
'1' How right Taine was。 The 20th century should see a rebirth of
violent Jacobinism in Russia; China; Cambodia; Korea; Cuba; Germany;
Italy; Yugoslavia and Albania and of soft and creeping Jacobinism in
the entire Western world。 (SR。)
'2'。 〃Who; born within the last forty years; ever read a word of
Collins; and Toland; and Tindal; or of that whole race who called
themselves freethinkers?〃 (Burke; 〃Reflexions on the French
Revolutions;〃 1790)。
'3'。 The 〃Oedipe;〃 by Voltaire; belongs to the year 1718; and his
〃Lettres sur les Anglais;〃 to the year 1728。 The 〃Lettres Persanes;〃
by Montesquieu; published in 1721; contain the germs of all the
leading ideas of the century。
'4'。 〃Raison〃 (cult of)。 Cult proposed by the Hébertists and
aimed at replacing Christianity under the French Revolution。 The Cult
of Reason was celebrated in the church of Notre Dame de Paris on the
10th of November 1793。 The cult disappeared with the Hébertists
(March 1794) and Robespierre replaced it with the cult of the Superior
Being。 (SR。)
'5'。 Joseph de Maistre; Oeuvres inédites;〃 pp。 8; 11。
'6'。 Diderot's letters on the Blind and on the Deaf and Dumb are
addressed in whole or in part to women。
'7'。 〃Correspondence of Gouverneur Morris;〃 (in English); II; 89。
(Letter of January 24; 1790)
'8'。 John Andrews in 〃A comparative view;〃 etc。 (1785)。 … Arthur
Young; I。 123。 〃I should pity the man who expected; without other
advantages of a very different nature; to be well received in a
brilliant circle in London; because he was a fellow of the Royal
Society。 But this would not be the case with a member of the Academy
of Sciences at Paris; he is sure of a good reception everywhere。〃
'9'。 〃I met in Paris the d'Alemberts; the Marmontels; the Baillys
at the houses of duchesses; which was an immense advantage to all
concerned。 。 。 。 When a man with us devotes himself to writing
books he is considered as renouncing the society equally of those who
govern as of those who laugh。 。 。 Taking literary vanity into
account the lives of your d'Alemberts and Baillys are as pleasant as
those of your seigniors。〃 (Stendhal; 〃Rome; Naples et Florence;〃 377;
in a narrative by Col。 Forsyth)。
'10'。 〃Entretien d'un philosophe avec la Maréchale …。〃
'11'。 The television audience today cannot threaten never again to
invite the boring 〃philosopher〃 to dinner; but will zap away; a move
that the system accurately senses。 The rules that Taine describes
are; alas; therefore once more valid。 (SR。)
'12'。 The same process is observable in our day in the 〃Sophismes
économiques〃 of Bastiat; the 〃Eloges historiques〃 of Flourens; and in
〃Le Progrès;〃 by Edmond About。
'13'。 The 〃Portier de Chartreux。〃 (An infamous pornographic book。
(SR。))
'14'。 〃Thérese Philosophe。〃 There is a complete literature of this
species。
'15'。 See the edition of M。 Dauban in which the suppressed
passages are restored。
'16'。 〃Esprit des Lois;〃 ch。 XV。 book V。 (Reasons in favor of
slavery)。 The 〃Defence of the Esprit des Lois;〃 I。 Reply to the
second objection。 II。 Reply to the fourth objection。
'17'。 Letter 24 (on Louis XIV。)
'18'。 Letter 18 (on the purity and impurity of things)。 Letter 39
(proofs of the mission of Mohammed)。
'19'。 Letters 75 and 118。
'20'。 Letters 98 (on the modern sciences); 46 (on a true system of
worship); 11 and 14 (on the nature of justice)。
'21'。 Cf 〃Micromégas;〃 〃L'homme aux quarantes écus;〃 〃Dialogues
entre A; B; C;〃 Dic。 Philosophique;〃 passim。 … In verse; 〃Les
systèmes;〃 〃La loi naturelle;〃 〃Le pour et le countre;〃; 〃Discours sur
l'homme;〃 etc。
'22'。 〃Traité de métaphysique;〃 chap。 I。 p。1 (on the peasantry)。
… 〃Lettres sur les Anglais;〃 passim。 … 〃Candide;〃 passim。 …
〃La Princesse de Babylone;〃 ch。 VII。 VIII。 IX。 and XI。
'23' 〃Dict。 Phil。〃 articles; 〃Maladie;〃 (Replies to the princess)。
… 〃Candide;〃 at Madame de Parolignac。 The sailor in the wreck。
Narrative of Paquette。 … The 〃Ingénu;〃 the first chapters。
'24'。 〃Candide;〃 the last chapter。 When there was no dispute
going on; it was so wearisome that the old woman one day boldly said
to him: 〃I should like to know which is worse to be ravished a hundred
times by Negro pirates; to have one's rump gashed; or be switched by
the Bulgarians; to be scourged or hung in an auto…da…fé; to be cut to
pieces; to row in the galleys; to suffer any misery through which we
have passed; or sit still and do