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实用英语写作技巧-第12章

小说: 实用英语写作技巧 字数: 每页4000字

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Unit 21中的Model Essay也正是通过许许多多的转换词语使文章达到了自然流畅。以下让我们就此范文的首段(TP)和第一支撑段(SP1)为例,来看看转换词语承上启下之作用。
图:42110037ZW_0023_1

22.4 篇章的一致性(Sentence Skills in an Essay)

若要读者完全、正确地领会我们所要表达的思想内容,在写作篇章时,我们必须简洁明白,写出合乎语法规范的句子,正确的语法包括(nouns;pronouns;verb tenses;fragments(不完整的句子);dangling modifiers(垂悬修饰语);run…ons(用错逗号的句子或乱加从句的冗长句子),etc.

Exercise 22…1

Directions:Two versions of a passage are given below.Both are unified,supported,and organized,but one version municates more
clearly and effectively its ideas than the other.Which one,and why?

There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep
almost anywhere.For example,there is a lot of sleeping on the
bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings.A man will be reading the newspaper,and seconds later it appears as if
he is trying to eat it.Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next
to him.

Another place where unplanned naps go on is in the lecture hall.In some classes,a student will start snoring so
loudly that the professor has to ask another student to shake the sleeper awake.Amore embarrassing situation occurs
when a student leans on one elbow and starts drifting off to sleep.The weight of the head pushes the
elbow off the desk,and this momentum carries the rest of the body along.The student wakes up on the floor
with no memory of how he got there.

The worst time to fall asleep is when driving a car.Police reports are full of
accidents that occur when people fall asleep at the wheel and go off the road.If the drivers are very lucky,they are not seriously hurt.One woman's car,for instance,went into the river.She woke up in four feet of water
and thought it was raining.When people are really tired,nothing will stop them from falling asleep—no matter where they are.

(1)There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep
almost anywhere.(2)For example,on the bus or train on the way home
from work.(3)A man will be reading the newspaper,seconds later it appears as if he
is trying to eat it.(4)Or he will
fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him.

(5)Another place where unplanned naps go on are in the lecture hall.(6)In some classes,a student will start snoring so loudly that the professor has to ask
another student to shake the sleeper awake.(7)A more
embarrassing situation occurs when a student leans on one elbow and starting to
drift off to sleep.(8)The weight of
the head push the elbow off the desk,and this momentum carries the rest of the body along.(9)The student wakes up on the floor with no memory of how he got there.

(10)The worst time to fall asleep is when driving a car.(11)Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people conk out
and go off the road.(12)If the
drivers are lucky they are not seriously hurt.(13)One womans
car,for instance
went into the river.(14)She woke up
in four feet of water.(15)And thought
it was raining.(16)When people are really tired,nothing will stopthem from falling
asleep—no matter
where they are.

Exercise 22…2

Directions:pare the second version with the first one,and choose the correct answers from
the following choices(The exercise is mainly for sentence skills)

1.In sentence(2),                         2.In sentence(3),

a.missing ma                              a.run…on

b.missing apostrophe                         b.sentence fragment

c.sentence fragment                          c.mistake in subject…verb agreement

d.dangling modifier                           d.irregular verb mistake

3.In sentence(5),                         4.In sentence(7),

a.sentence fragment                          a.misplaced modifier

b.spelling error                                 b.dangling modifier

c.run…on                                          c.mistake in parallelism

d.mistake in subject…verb                   d.run…on

agreement

5.In sentenc(8),                           6.In sentence(11),

a.nonstandard English verb                a.irregular verb mistake

b.run…on                                          b.sentence fragment

c.ma mistake                              c.slang phrase

d.missing capital letter                       d.mistake in subject…verb agreement

7.In sentence(12),                       8.In sentence(13),

a.missing apostrophe                         a.mistake in parallelism

b.missing ma                              b.irregular verb mistake

c.irregular verb mistake                     c.missing apostrophe

d.sentence fragment                          d.missing capital letter

9.In sentence(13),                       10.In sentence(15),

a.missing ma around an               a.missing quotation mark

interrupter

b.dangling modifier                           b.irregular verb mistake

c.run…on                                          c.sentence fragment

d.cliché                                            d.mistake in pronoun point of view




 








第二十三单元 如何用举例法推展篇章

  

根据不同的写作目的,篇章写作一般分为四种主要类型:

1)Narration(叙述文)

2)Description(描写文)

3)Exposition(说明文)

4)Persuasion and argumentation(议论文)

从本单元起,我们将着重介绍在大学英语四级统考中应用得最为广泛的说明文。说明文常用于阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途等。抽象的说明是很难让人理解和接受的,所以在进行说明时我们常用举例法、比较与对照法、定义与分类法、过程分析法和因果法等写作方法推展段落和篇章。这些方法均已在段落推展法之四、五、六、七、八、九中一一做了介绍。以下我们将在第二十三、二十四、二十五、二十六及二十七单元中分别用这些方法对篇章的推展作进一步的讨论。

另外,在今后的各单元中,我们将尽量少用汉语,以便使大家养成用英语思维的良好习惯。

23.1 举例法Examples

在篇章写作中,我们常用实例来对自己的观点或文章的主题思想进行说明、解释,使抽象、难解的事物具体化。这不仅有助于读者感受到我们的观点,而且可使文章读起来生动、有趣。切记:举例时一定要典型,能为文章的主题思想服务;而且还要生动、有趣,给人以深刻印象。

23.2 parison of Two Model Essays(两例范文的比较)

  

1)My Bad…Tempered Father

  

My father is easily angered by normal,everyday mistake.One day my father told me to wash the car and cut the grass.I did not hear exactly what he said,and so I asked him to repeat it.Then he went into a hysterical mood
and shouted,“Can't you
hear?”

Another time he asked my mother to go to the store and buy groceries
with a fifty…dollar bill,and told her to spend no more than twenty dollars.She spent twenty…two dollars.As soon as he found out,he immediately grabbed the change
from her and shouted that she was never to do any errands for him again.He did not speak to her for the
rest of the day.

My father also gives my older brothers a hard time with his
irritable moods.One day,he told them to be home from their
dates by midnight;they came
home at 12∶15.He informed them that they were
grounded for three weeks.

To my father,making a simple mistake is like miting a severe crime.

  

2)My Generous Grandfather

  

My grandfather is the most generous person I know.He has given up a life of his own
in order to give his grandchildren everything they want.Not only has he given up many years
of his life to raise his children properly,but he is now sacrificing many more years to his grandchildren.

His generosity is also evident in his relationship with his
colleagues,neighbors and
friends.He has been
responsible for many good deeds and has always been there to help all the
people around him in times of trouble.Everyone knows that he will gladly lend a helping hand.

He is so generous that you almost have to feel sorry for him.If one day he suddenly became
selfish,it would be
earthshaking.That's my
grandfather.

23.3 Analysis of the Two Model Essays(两例范文的分析)

The first passage is more ef

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