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实用英语写作技巧-第5章

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reached its first billion.In the next eighty years,it doubled again,and by 1975,it had doubled once more to a total of 4 billion.By the year 2000,it is estimated that it will exceed
6 billion and possibly approach 7 billion unless there is a major reduction in
birth rates or amajor increase in death rates.

8.2示范段落分析

主题句:The term population explosion is
usually applied to the rapid growth of population over the last three centuries.

提供信息:

数据1:1650…1850;double,reach 1
billion

数据2:1850-1930;double again,reach 2 billion

数据3:1930-1975;double again,reach 4 billion

数据4:1975-2000;exceed 6 billion,approach 7 billion

示范段落8…2

A snake is a strange animal.It walks on its ribs and it smells with its tongue.Since its teeth are sharp like
needles and not good for chewing,it swallows its food whole.

8.3示范段落分析

主题句:A snake is a strange animal.

事实1:walks with its ribs and smells with its tongue

事实2:swallows its food whole

8.4关于如何写事实与数据段落的建议

1)不要把事实与看法混为一谈

事实是真实的,因为它们已被证据证实。然而看法只是人们的主观想法,不一定真实。因此,记住用事实而不是用看法支持你的观点。

2)不要使用不相关的数据

如果你为了增加观点的可信度而使用不相关的数据,即使这些数据是真实的,也会引起误解。

Exercise 8…1

Directions:Write a paragraph with statistics as supporting details,using the given topic sentence and
statistics.

Statistic:blood pressure before the exam—115/55

Statistic:at the end of the exam—155/115

Statistic:ten minutes after the exam—150/110

Exams apparently have a marked effect on the blood pressure of the
students taking them.___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Exercise 8…2

Directions:Write a paragraph with facts as supporting details using the given
topic sentence and facts.

Fact:William is
the second most mon boy's name used in English(the first being John)

Fact:History is
full of Williams.

a.William of
Nor many—conquerer of
England in 1066

b.William
Shakespeare—writer

c.William Cody—a hero of the Wild West

Is your name William?If so, you have
pany.____________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

 




 








第九单元 推展段落方法之二——叙述法

  

9.1叙述法

叙述法(narration)回答了“发生了什么”(what happened)这一问题。叙述经常用于讲述一系列事件。这种方法常用作小说(fiction)、传记(biographs)的支配方法,也可用作其他各种文体的辅助方法。例如,轶事(anecdotes)、寓言(fables)等都是用叙述形式阐述某一观点。

示范段落9-1

I was seven years old when I first became aware of the terrible
power of guilt.For piling
our toys into the toy box,Mother had rewarded my brother and me with five shiny pennies each.If I had ten pennies instead of
just five,I could have
bought a ginger bread man with raisin eyes and sugar-frosted hair.The image danced in my head all day,until,finally,I crept into my brother's room and stole his five pennies.The next morning,as my brother and I were dressing
to go to school,I had all ten
pennies in the pocket of my coat,cramming one of my father's handkerchiefs on top of them.As my brother and I lined up in
front of Mother to be kissed goodbye,she looked at my bulging pocket with amazement.“What on earth do you have in your
pocket?she asked.“It's nothing,”I said,as offhandedly as I could.“It's nothing at all.”Bewildered,but toobusy to investigate any
further,Mother kissed
me goodbye I ran out the door and down our gravel path as fast as my feet could
carry me.But the
farther from home I got,the more miserable I became.The shiny pennies in my pocket felt oppressively like one-ton boulders.And I was haunted by the idea that
I had bee a thief.Forgotten was the gingerbread man,for whose sake I had stolen my brother's pennies Finally,unable to bear my horrible feeling
of guilt,I ran back
home to blurt out my crime to my mother.

9.2示范段落分析

在上面段落中,作者在主题句中阐述了他的观点:I was seven
years old when I first became aware of the terrible power of guilt.然后用一件轶事作为支持这一观点的细节,叙述发生了什么事,并说明了他的观点。

9.3关于如何写叙述段落的建议

1)只着重叙述有意义的事件和经历

尽量避免日常琐事和无聊事,只使用那些有助于阐明你的观点的事件和经历。

2)保持始终如一的着眼点

不管叙述是以第一人称或第三人称进行,都要尽量使语言从叙述者的着眼点(point
of view)反映叙述者的见解和意向。

3)运用细节

写叙述段落时要运用细节,使人物栩栩如生,并在读者的想象中唤起事件发生的那种环境气氛。在描绘人物时也使用细节,使人物血肉丰满,形象生动。

4)使用时间顺序

叙述几乎总是使用时间顺序法来组织细节。(第12单元将讨论时间顺序法)

Exercise 9…1

Directions:Write a paragraph of narration using the given topic sentence.

Not knowing a language well can sometimes be embarrassing.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise 9-2

Directions:Write a paragraph of narration,telling about one of your memorable trip.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 




 








第十单元 推展段落方法之三——描述法

  

10.1描述法

叙述讲述发生了什么事情,描述(description)则向读者描绘某事物的样子、声音、味道等等。作者可以通过外表、行动或变化用语言描绘一个人,一个物体,一个地方或一个场面。

示范段落10-1

A tsunami is a great wave or series of waves.It extends from the surface to the
sea floor and moves the entire vertical section of ocean through which it
speeds.The greater
the ocean depth,the faster
the tsunami travels.Speeds of up to 600 mph have been reached.Toward land it slows down as the
bottom of the wave drags on the seabed;its crest rises from fifty to a hundred feet or more.

10.2示范段落分析

主题句:A tsunami is a great wave or
series of waves.

细节1:extention

细节2:speed(statistics
used)

细节3:height(statistics
used)

在上面段落中,作者用细节(包括数据)描述了海啸的宽度(extention)、速度(speed)和高度(height),从而告诉读者海啸是什么样子。

示范段落10-2

The kitchen was in a mess.Along the left wall were the counter and
sink covered with dirty dishes and garbage.On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of filthy
clothes.Right next
to the door where I was standing,on my right,I saw at able cluttered with old
newspapers,an overturned
catsup bottle,and a wet,half-eaten hot dog.At the far end of the right wall the
refrigerator stood with the door ajar and milk dripping down from the top shelf.It was the messiest kitchen I had
ever seen.

10.3示范段落分析

主题句:The kitchen was in a mess.

细节1:Along the left wall—counter and sink

细节2:On the far wall—washing machine

细节3:Right next to the door,on my right—table

细节4:At the far end of the right wall—refrigerator

结论句:It was the messiest kitchen I
had ever seen.

10.4关于如何写描述段落的建议

1)主题句给读者一个深刻的印象

写一段好的描述段落要注意两个方面:首先给读者一个深刻的印象(a
dominant impression),然后运用充分的细节(aptdetails)。这种深刻的印象必须首先吸引读者,因此不要在主题句中用太琐碎的东西冲淡这一印象。

比较下面两个主题句:

a.The kitchen
is in a mess.

b.The kitchen
is a place where the hostess does almost all the housework and as a consequence
it is not always attractive and neat.

显然,前一句主题句比后一句更吸引读者,因为它能给人以更深刻的印象。

2)提供

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