the antiquities of the jews-1-第284章

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and　had　a　great　many　followers　therein；　filled　our　civil
government　with　tumults　at　present；　and　laid　the　foundations　of
our　future　miseries；　by　this　system　of　philosophy；　which　we　were
before　unacquainted　withal；　concerning　which　I　will　discourse　a
little；　and　this　the　rather　because　the　infection　which　spread
thence　among　the　younger　sort；　who　were　zealous　for　it；　brought
the　public　to　destruction。

2。　The　Jews　had　for　a　great　while　had　three　sects　of　philosophy
peculiar　to　themselves；　the　sect　of　the　Essens；　and　the　sect　of
the　Sadducees；　and　the　third　sort　of　opinions　was　that　of　those
called　Pharisees；　of　which　sects；　although　I　have　already　spoken
in　the　second　book　of　the　Jewish　War；　yet　will　I　a　little　touch
upon　them　now。

3。　Now；　for　the　Pharisees；　they　live　meanly；　and　despise
delicacies　in　diet；　and　they　follow　the　conduct　of　reason；　and
what　that　prescribes　to　them　as　good　for　them　they　do；　and　they
think　they　ought　earnestly　to　strive　to　observe　reason's　dictates
for　practice。　They　also　pay　a　respect　to　such　as　are　in　years；
nor　are　they　so　bold　as　to　contradict　them　in　any　thing　which
they　have　introduced；　and　when　they　determine　that　all　things　are
done　by　fate；　they　do　not　take　away　the　freedom　from　men　of
acting　as　they　think　fit；　since　their　notion　is；　that　it　hath
pleased　God　to　make　a　temperament；　whereby　what　he　wills　is　done；
but　so　that　the　will　of　man　can　act　virtuously　or　viciously。　They
also　believe　that　souls　have　an　immortal　rigor　in　them；　and　that
under　the　earth　there　will　be　rewards　or　punishments；　according
as　they　have　lived　virtuously　or　viciously　in　this　life；　and　the
latter　are　to　be　detained　in　an　everlasting　prison；　but　that　the
former　shall　have　power　to　revive　and　live　again；　on　account　of
which　doctrines　they　are　able　greatly　to　persuade　the　body　of　the
people；　and　whatsoever　they　do　about　Divine　worship；　prayers；　and
sacrifices；　they　perform　them　according　to　their　direction；
insomuch　that　the　cities　give　great　attestations　to　them　on
account　of　their　entire　virtuous　conduct；　both　in　the　actions　of
their　lives　and　their　discourses　also。

4。　But　the　doctrine　of　the　Sadducees　is　this：　That　souls　die　with
the　bodies；　nor　do　they　regard　the　observation　of　any　thing
besides　what　the　law　enjoins　them；　for　they　think　it　an　instance
of　virtue　to　dispute　with　those　teachers　of　philosophy　whom　they
frequent：　but　this　doctrine　is　received　but　by　a　few；　yet　by
those　still　of　the　greatest　dignity。　But　they　are　able　to　do
almost　nothing　of　themselves；　for　when　they　become　magistrates；
as　they　are　unwillingly　and　by　force　sometimes　obliged　to　be；
they　addict　themselves　to　the　notions　of　the　Pharisees；　because
the　multitude　would　not　otherwise　bear　them。

5。　The　doctrine　of　the　Essens　is　this：　That　all　things　are　best
ascribed　to　God。　They　teach　the　immortality　of　souls；　and　esteem
that　the　rewards　of　righteousness　are　to　be　earnestly　striven
for；　and　when　they　send　what　they　have　dedicated　to　God　into　the
temple；　they　do　not　offer　sacrifices　（3）　because　they　have　more
pure　lustrations　of　their　own；　on　which　account　they　are　excluded
from　the　common　court　of　the　temple；　but　offer　their　sacrifices
themselves；　yet　is　their　course　of　life　better　than　that　of　other
men；　and　they　entirely　addict　themselves　to　husbandry。　It　also
deserves　our　admiration；　how　much　they　exceed　all　other　men　that
addict　themselves　to　virtue；　and　this　in　righteousness；　and
indeed　to　such　a　degree；　that　as　it　hath　never　appeared　among　any
other　men；　neither　Greeks　nor　barbarians；　no；　not　for　a　little
time；　so　hath　it　endured　a　long　while　among　them。　This　is
demonstrated　by　that　institution　of　theirs；　which　will　not　suffer
any　thing　to　hinder　them　from　having　all　things　in　common；　so
that　a　rich　man　enjoys　no　more　of　his　own　wealth　than　he　who　hath
nothing　at　all。　There　are　about　four　thousand　men　that　live　in
this　way；　and　neither　marry　wives；　nor　are　desirous　to　keep
servants；　as　thinking　the　latter　tempts　men　to　be　unjust；　and　the
former　gives　the　handle　to　domestic　quarrels；　but　as　they　live　by
themselves；　they　minister　one　to　another。　They　also　appoint
certain　stewards　to　receive　the　incomes　of　their　revenues；　and　of
the　fruits　of　the　ground；　such　as　are　good　men　and　priests；　who
are　to　get　their　corn　and　their　food　ready　for　them。　They　none　of
them　differ　from　others　of　the　Essens　in　their　way　of　living；　but
do　the　most　resemble　those　Dacae　who　are　called　Polistae　（4）
＇dwellers　in　cities＇。

6。　But　of　the　fourth　sect　of　Jewish　philosophy；　Judas　the
Galilean　was　the　author。　These　men　agree　in　all　other　things　with
the　Pharisaic　notions；　but　they　have　an　inviolable　attachment　to
liberty；　and　say　that　God　is　to　be　their　only　Ruler　and　Lord。
They　also　do　not　value　dying　any　kinds　of　death；　nor　indeed　do
they　heed　the　deaths　of　their　relations　and　friends；　nor　can　any
such　fear　make　them　call　any　man　lord。　And　since　this　immovable
resolution　of　theirs　is　well　known　to　a　great　many；　I　shall　speak
no　further　about　that　matter；　nor　am　I　afraid　that　any　thing　I
have　said　of　them　should　be　disbelieved；　but　rather　fear；　that
what　I　have　said　is　beneath　the　resolution　they　show　when　they
undergo　pain。　And　it　was　in　Gessius　Florus's　time　that　the　nation
began　to　grow　mad　with　this　distemper；　who　was　our　procurator；
and　who　occasioned　the　Jews　to　go　wild　with　it　by　the　abuse　of
his　authority；　and　to　make　them　revolt　from　the　Romans。　And　these
are　the　sects　of　Jewish　philosophy。

CHAPTER　2。

Now　Herod　And　Philip　Built　Several　Cities　In　Honor　Of　Caesar。
Concerning　The　Succession　Of　Priests　And　Procurators；　As　Also
What　Befell　Phraates　And　The　Parthians。

1。　When　Cyrenius　had　now　disposed　of　Archelaus's　money；　and　when
the　taxings　were　come　to　a　conclusion；　which　were　made　in　the
thirty…seventh　year　of　Caesar's　victory　over　Antony　at　Actium；　he
deprived　Joazar　of　the　high　priesthood；　which　dignity　had　been
conferred　on　him　by　the　multitude；　and　he　appointed　Ananus；　the
son　of　Seth；　to　be　high　priest；　while　Herod　and　Philip　had　each
of　them　received　their　own　tetrarchy；　and　settled　the　affairs
thereof。　Herod　also　built　a　wall　about　Sepphoris；　（which　is　the
security　of　all　Galilee；）　and　made　it　the　metropolis　of　the
country。　He　also　built　a　wall　round　Betharamphtha；　which　was
itself　a　city　also；　and　called　it　Julias；　from　the　name　of　the
emperor's　wife。　When　Philip　also　had　built　Paneas；　a　city　at　the
fountains　of　Jordan；　he　named　it　Cesarea。　He　also　advanced　the
village　Bethsaids；　situate　at　the　lake　of　Gennesareth；　unto　the
dignity　of　a　city；　both　by　the　number　of　inhabitants　it
contained；　and　its　other　grandeur；　and　called　it　by　the　name　of
Julias；　the　same　name　with　Caesar's　daughter。

2。　As　Coponius；　who　we　told　you　was　sent　along　with　Cyrenius；　was
exercising　his　office　of　procurator；　and　governing　Judea；　the
following　accidents　happened。　As　the　Jews　were　celebrating　the
feast　of　unleavened　bread；　which　we　call　the　Passover；　it　was
customary　for　the　priests　to　open　the　temple…gates　just　after
midnight。　When；　therefore；　those　gates　were　first　opened；　some　of
the　Samaritans　came　privately　into　Jerusalem；　and　threw　about
dead　men's　bodies；　in　the　cloisters；　on　which　account　the　Jews
afterward　excluded　them　out　of　the　temple；　which　they　had　not
used　to　do　at　such　festivals；　and　on　other　accounts　also　they
watched　the　temple　more　carefully　than　they　had　formerly　done。　A
little　after　which　accident　Coponius　returned　to　Rome；　and　Marcus
Ambivius　came　to　be　his　successor　in　that　government；　under　whom
Salome；　the　sister　of　king　Herod；　died；　and　left　to　Julia；
＇Caesar's　wife；＇　Jamnia；　all　its　toparchy；　and　Phasaelis　in　the
plain；　and　Arehelais；　where　is　a　great　plantation　of　palm　trees；
and　their　fruit　is　excellent　in　its　kind。　After　him　came　Annius
Rufus；　under　whom　died　Caesar；　the　second　emperor　of　the　Romans；
the　duration　of　whose　reign　was　fifty…seven　years；　besides　six
months　and　two　days　（of　which　time　Antonius　ruled　together　with
him　fourteen　years；　but　the　duration　of　his　life　was
seventy…seven　years）；　upon　whose　death　Tiberius　Nero；　his　wife
Julia's　son；　succeeded。　He　was　now　the　third　emperor；　and　he　sent