criminal psychology-第159章

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It　is　important；　also；　to　know　how　a　man　drinks。　It　is　known　that　a　small　quantity　of　wine　can　intoxicate　if　it　is　soaked　up　with　bread　which　is　repeatedly　dipped　into　the　wine。　Wine　drunk　in　the　cellar　works　with　similar　vigor　if　one　laughs；　is　merry；　is　vexed；　while　drinking；　or　if　a　large　variety　of　drinks　is　taken；　or　if　they　are　taken　on　an　empty　stomach。　For　the　various　effects　of　alcohol；　and　for　its　effects　on　the　same　person　under　different　conditions；　see　Mnsterberg's　‘‘Beitrage　zur　Experimentellen　Psychologie；''　Heft　IV。

The　effect　of　alcohol　on　memory　is　remarkable　in　so　far　as　it　often　happens　that　many　people　lose　their　memory　only　with　respect　to　a　single　very　narrow　sphere。　Many　are　able　to　remember　everything　except　their　names；　others　everything　except　their　residence；　still　others　everything　except　the　fact　that　they　are　married；　and　yet　others　every　person　except　their　friends　（though　they　know　all　the　policemen）；　and　the　last　class　are　mistaken　about　their　own　identity。　These　things　are　believed　like　many　another　thing；　when　told　by　a　friend；　but　never　under　any　circumstances　when　the　defendant　tells　them　in　the　court　room。


Section　112。　（c）　Suggestion。

The　problems　of　hypnotism　and　suggestion　are　too　old　to　permit　the　mere　mention　of　a　few　books；　and　are　too　new　to　permit　the　interpretation　of　the　enormous　literature。　In　my　‘‘Manual　for　Examining　Judges；''　I　have　already　indicated　the　relation　of　the　subject　to　criminal　law；　and　the　proper　attitude　of　criminalists　to　it。　Here　we　have　only　to　bear　in　mind　the　problem　of　characteristic　suggestion；　the　influence　of　the　judge　on　the　witnesses；　the　witnesses　upon　each　other；　the　conditions　upon　the　witnesses。　And　this　influence；　not　through　persuasion；　imagination；　citation；　but　through　those　still　unexplained　remote　effects　which　may　be　best　compared　with　‘‘determining。''　Suggestion　is　as　widespread　as　language。　We　receive　suggestions　through　the　stories　of　friends；　through　the　examples　of　strangers；　through　our　physical　condition；　through　our　food；　through　our　small　and　large　experiences。　Our　simplest　actions　may　be　due　to　suggestion　and　the　whole　world　may　appear　subject　to　the　suggestion　of　a　single　individual。　As　Emerson　says　somewhere；　nature　carries　out　a　task　by　creating　a　genius　for　its　accomplishment；　if　you　follow　the　genius　you　will　see　what　the　world　cares　about。　

This　multiple　use　of　the　word　‘‘suggestion''　has　destroyed　its　early　intent。　That　made　it　equivalent　to　the　term　‘‘suggestive　question。''　The　older　criminalists　had　a　notion　of　the　truth；　and　have　rigorously　limited　the　putting　of　suggestive　questions。　At　the　same　time；　Mittermaier　knew　that　the　questioner　was　frequently　unable　to　avoid　them　and　that　many　questions　had　to　suggest　their　answers。　If；　for　example；　a　man　wants　to　know　whether　A　had　made　a　certain　statement　in　the　course　of　a　long　conversation；　he　must　ask；　for　good　or　evil；　‘‘Has　A　said　that　。　。　。　？''

Mittermaier's　attitude　toward　the　problem　shows　that　he　had　already　seen　twenty…five　years　ago　that　suggestive　questions　of　this　sort　are　the　most　harmless；　and　that　the　difficulty　really　lies　in　the　fact　that　witnesses；　experts；　and　judges　are　subject；　especially　in　great　and　important　cases；　to　the　influence　of　public　opinion；　of　newspapers；　of　their　own　experiences；　and　finally；　of　their　own　fancies；　and　hence　give　testimony　and　give　judgments　in　a　way　less　guided　by　the　truth　than　by　these　influences。

This　difficulty　has　been　made　clear　by　the　Berchthold　murder…　trial　in　Mnchen；　in　which　the　excellent　psychiatrists　Schrenck…　Notzing　and　Grashey　had　their　hands　full　in　answering　and　avoiding　questions　about　witnesses　under　the　influence　of　suggestion。＇1＇　The　development　of　this　trial　showed　us　the　enormous　influence　of　suggestion　on　witnesses；　and　again；　how　contradictory　are　the　opinions　concerning　the　determination　of　its　valuewhether　it　is　to　be　determined　by　the　physician　or　by　the　judge；　and　finally；　how　little　we　know　about　suggestion　anyway。　Everything　is　assigned　to　suggestion。　In　spite　of　the　great　literature　we　still　have　too　little　material；　too　few　observations；　and　no　scientifically　certain　inferences。　Tempting　as　it　is　to　study　the　influence　of　suggestion　upon　our　criminalistic　work；　it　is　best　to　wait　and　to　give　our　attention　mainly　to　observation；　study；　and　the　collection　of　material。＇2＇


＇1＇　Schrenck…Notzing：　ber　Suggestion　u。　Errinerungsflsehung　im　Berehthold…　Prozess。　Leipzig　1897。

＇2＇　51。　Dessoir　Bibliographie　des　modernen　Hypnotismus。　Berlin　1890。　　W。　Hirsch：　Die　Mensehliche　Verantwortlie　it　u。　die　moderne　Suggestionslehre。　Berlin　1896。　　L。　Drucker：　Die　Suggestion　u。　Ihre　forense　Bedeutung。　Vienna　1S93。　　A。　Cramer。　Gerichtliche　Psychiatrie。　Jena　1897。　　Berillon　Les　faux　temoignages　suggs。　Rev。　de　l'hypnot。　VI；　203。　　C。　de　Lagrave：　L'autosuggestion　naturelle。　Rev　de　I　hypnot。　XIV；　257。　　B。　Sidis：　The　Psychology　of　Suggestion。



｛The　remainder　of　this　etext　is　〃raw〃　OCR　output！！｝

APPENDIX　A。

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CAMPBELL；　J。　Experience　of　a　Medical　Officer　in　the　English　Convict　Service。　London；1884。　CHAPPLE；　W。　A。　The　Fertility　of　the　Unfit。　Melbourne　&　London；　1903。　CHITTY；　J。　Practical　Treatise　on　the　Criminal　Law。　2d　Eng。　ed。；　4　vols。；　London；　1826。

Practical　Treatise　on　Medical　Jurisprudence。　London；　1834；　Philadelphia；　1836。　（Part　I　only　published。）　CHRISTIAN。　Crime　of　Medical　Legislation。　1907。　CHRISTISON；　J。　S。　Crime　and　Criminals。　Chicago；　1897。　CHRISTISON；　J。　S。　The　Confessions　of　Ivins。　Chicago；　1906。　CHRISTISON；　R。　Poisons。　Qd　ed。；　Edinburgh；　1832；　Ist　Amer。　from　4th　Eng。　ed。；　Philadelphia；　1845。　CLARK；　C。　A