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into the service of the people。 The modern State�察�says Sorel�察 �`is a body of 

intellectuals�察    �which     is  invested     with   privileges�察    �and   which     possesses 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



means of the kind called political for defending itself against the attacks 

made on it by other groups of intellectuals�察�eager to possess the profits of 

public employment。 Parties are constituted in order to acquire the conquest 

of these employments�察�and they are analogous to the State。''��10�А�

       ��10�А�La Decomposition du Marxisme��'' p。 53。 

       Syndicalists aim at organizing men�察�not by party�察�but by occupation。 

This�察  �they   say�察  �alone   represents   the   true   conception   and   method   of   the 

class   war。  Accordingly   they   despise   all   POLITICAL   action   through   the 

medium       of   Parliament     and    elections�此   �the   kind   of   action    that  they 

recommend is direct action by the revolutionary syndicate or trade union。 

The battle´ cry of industrial versus political action has spread far beyond 

the   ranks   of   French   Syndicalism。   It   is   to   be   found   in   the   I。   W。   W。   in 

America�察  �and   among   Industrial   Unionists   and   Guild   Socialists   in   Great 

Britain。 Those who advocate it�察�for the most part�察�aim also at a different 

goal    from   that   of  Marx。    They   believe     that  there   can   be  no   adequate 

individual freedom where the State is all´powerful�察�even if the State be a 

Socialist one。 Some of them are out´and´ out Anarchists�察�who wish to see 

the State wholly abolished�察�others only wish to curtail its authority。 Owing 

to   this   movement�察  �opposition   to   Marx�察  �which   from   the   Anarchist   side 

existed   from  the   first�察  �has   grown   very   strong。   It   is   this   opposition   in   its 

older form that will occupy us in our next chapter。 



                                     CHAPTER II 



                            BAKUNIN AND ANARCHISM 

       IN the popular mind�察�an Anarchist is a person who throws bombs and 

commits      other   outrages�察   �either   because    he   is  more    or  less  insane�察  �or 

because he uses the pretense of extreme political opinions as a cloak for 

criminal   proclivities。   This   view   is�察  �of   course�察  �in   every   way   inadequate。 

Some Anarchists believe in throwing bombs�察�many do not。 Men of almost 

every     other   shade    of  opinion    believe    in  throwing     bombs     in  suitable 

circumstances�此  �for   example�察  �the   men   who   threw   the   bomb   at   Sarajevo 

which started the present war were not Anarchists�察�but Nationalists。 And 

those Anarchists who are in favor of bomb´throwing do not in this respect 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



differ   on   any   vital   principle   from   the   rest   of   the   community�察  �with   the 

exception of that infinitesimal portion who adopt the Tolstoyan attitude of 

non´resistance。 Anarchists�察�like Socialists�察�usually believe in the doctrine 

of the class war�察�and if they use bombs�察�it is as Governments use bombs�察�

for   purposes   of   war�此  �but   for   every  bomb   manufactured   by  an Anarchist�察�

many   millions      are   manufactured      by   Governments�察      �and   for  every   man 

killed by Anarchist violence�察�many millions are killed by the violence of 

States。 We may�察�therefore�察�dismiss from our minds the whole question of 

violence�察�which plays so large a part in the popular imagination�察�since it is 

neither essential nor peculiar to those who adopt the Anarchist position。 

     Anarchism�察�as its derivation indicates�察�is the theory which is opposed 

to   every   kind   of   forcible   government。   It   is   opposed   to   the   State   as   the 

embodiment of the force employed in the government of the community。 

Such government as Anarchism can tolerate must be free government�察�not 

merely in the sense that it is that of a majority�察�but in the sense that it is 

that assented to by all。 Anarchists object to such institutions as the police 

and   the   criminal   law�察  �by   means   of   which   the   will   of   one   part   of   the 

community is forced upon another part。 In their view�察�the democratic form 

of government is not very enormously preferable to other forms so long as 

minorities are compelled by force or its potentiality to submit to the will of 

majorities。 Liberty is the supreme good in the Anarchist creed�察�and liberty 

is   sought   by   the   direct   road   of   abolishing   all   forcible   control   over   the 

individual by the community。 

     Anarchism�察�in this sense�察�is no new doctrine。 It is set forth admirably 

by Chuang Tzu�察�a Chinese philosopher�察�who lived about the year 300 B。 

C。�此�

     Horses have hoofs to carry them over frost and snow�察�hair�察�to protect 

them  from   wind   and   cold。  They  eat   grass   and   drink   water�察  �and   fling   up 

their heels over the champaign。 Such is the real nature of horses。 Palatial 

dwellings are of no use to them。 

     One   day  Po   Lo   appeared�察  �saying�此   �`I   understand   the   management   of 

horses。'' 

     So he branded them�察�and clipped them�察�and pared their hoofs�察�and put 

halters on them�察�tying them up by the head and shackling them by the feet�察�



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



and disposing them in stables�察�with the result that two or three in every ten 

died。 Then he kept   them  hungry and   thirsty�察 �trotting them  and   galloping 

them�察�and grooming�察�and trimming�察�with the misery of the tasselled bridle 

before   and   the   fear   of   the   knotted   whip   behind�察  �until   more   than   half   of 

them were dead。 

     The potter says�此 �`I can do what I will with Clay。 If I want it round�察�I 

use compasses�察�if rectangular�察�a square。'' 

     The   carpenter   says�此   �`I   can   do   what   I   will   with   wood。   If   I   want   it 

curved�察�I use an arc�察�if straight�察�a line。'' 

     But on what grounds can we think that the natures of clay and wood 

desire     this   application     of   compasses       and   square�察    �of   arc   and   line�拭�

Nevertheless�察�every age extols Po Lo for his skill in managing horses�察�and 

potters   and   carpenters   for   their   skill   with   clay   and   wood。   Those   who 

govern the empire make the same mistake。 

     Now I regard government of the empire from quite a different point of 

view。 

     The     people     have    certain    natural    instincts��to    weave     and    clothe 

themselves�察�to till and feed themselves。 These are common to all humanity�察�

and all are agreed thereon。 Such instincts are called ``Heaven´sent。'' 

     And     so   in  the  days    when    natural    instincts   prevailed�察    �men    moved 

quietly     and    gazed    steadily。    At   that   time   there    were    no   roads    over 

mountains�察 �nor   boats�察 �nor   bridges over   water。 All   things   were   produced�察�

each   for   its   own   proper   sphere。   Birds   and   beasts   multiplied�察  �trees   and 

shrubs grew up。 The former might be led by the hand�察�you could climb up 

and peep into the raven's nest。 For then man dwelt with birds and beasts�察�

and all creation was one。 There were no distinctions of good and bad men。 

Being   all   equally   without   knowledge�察  �their   virtue   could   not   go   astray。 

Being   all   equally   without   evil   desires�察  �they   were   in   a   state   of   natural 

integrity�察�the perfection of human existence。 

     But     when     Sages    appeared�察    �tripping     up   people    over    charity    and 

fettering   them  with   duty   to   their  neighbor�察  �doubt   found   its   way  into   the 

world。 And th

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