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workers。''��31�А �Mr。   Haywood�察 �of   the Western   Federation of   Miners�察 �is   an 

out´and´out   follower   of   Marx   so   far   as   concerns   the   class   war   and   the 



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doctrine   of   surplus   value。   But�察  �like   all   who   are   in   this   movement�察  �he 

attaches more importance to industrial as against political action than do 

the European followers of Marx。 This is no doubt partly explicable by the 

special circumstances of America�察�where the recent immigrants are apt to 

be   voteless。   The   fourth   convention   of   the   I。   W。   W。   revised   a   preamble 

giving   the   general   principles   underlying   its   action。   ``The   working   class 

and the employing class��'' they say�察 �`have nothing in common。 There can 

be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the 

working people and the few�察�who make up the employing class�察�have all 

the good things of life。 Between these two classes�察�a struggle must go on 

until the workers of the world organize as a class�察�take possession of the 

earth and the machinery of production�察�and abolish the wage system。 。 。 。 

Instead   of   the   conservative   motto�察   �A   fair   day's   wages   for   a   fair   day's 

work��'    we    must    inscribe   on   our   banner    the   revolutionary     watchword�察�

`Abolition of the wage system。' ''��32�А�

       ��29�А�Quoted in Cole�察�ib。 p。 128。 

     ��30�А�Ib。�察�p。 135。 

     ��31�А�Brooks�察�op。 cit。�察�p。 79。 

     ��32�А�Brooks�察�op。 cit。�察�pp。 86´87。 

       Numerous strikes have been conducted or encouraged by the I。 W。 W。 

and   the   Western   Federation   of   Miners。  These   strikes   illustrate   the   class´ 

war in a more bitter and extreme form than is to be found in any other part 

of   the   world。   Both    sides   are  always     ready   to  resort   to  violence。    The 

employers have armies of their own and are able to call upon the Militia 

and     even�察  �in   a  crisis�察  �upon    the   United    States    Army。    What     French 

Syndicalists say about the State as a capitalist institution is peculiarly true 

in   America。     In   consequence      of  the   scandals    thus   arising�察  �the   Federal 

Government         appointed     a  Commission        on   Industrial   Relations�察    �whose 

Report�察  �issued   in   1915�察  �reveals   a   state   of   affairs   such   as   it   would   be 

difficult to imagine in   Great Britain。 The report   states that   ``the   greatest 

disorders     and    most    of  the   outbreaks     of  violence     in  connection     with 

industrial `disputes arise from the violation of what are considered to be 

fundamental         rights�察   �and    from     the    perversion      or    subversion      of 

governmental institutions'' ��p。 146��。 It mentions�察�among such perversions�察�



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the subservience of the judiciary to the mili´ tary authorities�撮�33�А�the fact 

that   during   a   labor   dispute   the   life   and   liberty   of   every   man   within   the 

State would seem to be at the mercy of the Governor ��p。 72���察�and the use 

of State troops in policing strikes ��p。 298��。 At Ludlow ��Colorado�� in 1914 

��April 20�� a battle of the militia and the miners took place�察�in which�察�as the 

result   of   the   fire   of   the   militia�察  �a   number   of   women   and   children   were 

burned   to   death。��34�А  �Many   other   instances   of   pitched   battles   could   be 

given�察 �but   enough   has been   said to   show   the peculiar   character   of   labor 

disputes in the United States。 It may�察�I fear�察�be presumed that this character 

will remain so long as a very large proportion of labor consists of recent 

immigrants。   When   these   difficulties   pass   away�察  �as   they   must   sooner   or 

later�察�labor will more and more find its place in the community�察�and will 

tend to feel and inspire less of the bitter hostility which renders the more 

extreme forms of class war possible。 When 

     that time comes�察�the labor movement in America will probably begin 

to take on forms similar to those of Europe。 

        ��33�А�Although uniformly held that the writ of habeas corpus can only 

be suspended by the legislature�察�in these labor disturbances the executive 

has in   fact   suspended   or  disregarded   the  writ。  。  。  。  In   cases   arising   from 

labor   agitations�察 �the   judiciary  has   uniformly  upheld   the   power   exercised 

by the military�察�and in no case has there been any protest against the use of 

such   power   or   any   attempt   to   curtail   it�察  �except   in   Montana�察  �where   the 

conviction   of   a   civilian   by   military   commission   was   annulled''   �─�`Final 

Report   of   the   Commission   on   Industrial   Relations''   ��1915��   appointed   by 

the United States Congress��'' p。 58��。 

     ��34�А�Literary Digest�察�May 2 and May 16�察�1914。 

        Meanwhile�察�though the forms are different�察�the aims are very similar�察�

and industrial unionism�察�spreading from America�察�has had a considerable 

influence   in   Great   Britainan   influence   naturally   reinforced   by   that   of 

French   Syndicalism。   It   is   clear�察  �I   think�察  �that   the   adoption   of   industrial 

rather than craft unionism is absolutely necessary if Trade Unionism is to 

succeed in playing that part in altering the economic structure of society 

which      its  advocates     claim    for  it  rather   than    for  the   political   parties。 

Industrial      unionism      organizes     men�察    �as   craft   unionism      does    not�察  �in 



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accordance with the enemy whom they have to fight。 English unionism is 

still very far removed from the industrial form�察�though certain industries�察�

especially the railway men�察�have gone very far in this direction�察�and it is 

notable   that   the   railway   men   are   peculiarly   sympathetic   to   Syndicalism 

and industrial unionism。 

     Pure     Syndicalism�察      �however�察     �is   not   very    likely   to   achieve     wide 

popularity in Great Britain。 Its spirit is too revolutionary and anarchistic 

for our temperament。 It is in the modified form of Guild Socialism that the 

ideas   derived   from   the   C。   G。   T。   and   the   I。   W。   W。   are   tending   to   bear 

fruit。��35�А  �This   movement   is   as   yet   in   its   infancy   and   has   no   great   hold 

upon the rank and file�察�but it is being ably advocated by a group of young 

men�察  �and   is   rapidly   gaining   ground   among   those   who   will   form   Labor 

opinion   in   years   to   come。   The   power   of   the   State   has   been   so   much 

increased during the war that those who naturally dislike things as they are�察�

find it more and more difficult to believe that State omnipotence can be 

the road to the millennium。 Guild Socialists aim at autonomy in industry�察�

with consequent curtailment�察�but not abolition�察�of the power of the State。 

The system which they advocate is�察�I believe�察�the best hitherto proposed�察�

and the one most likely to secure liberty without the constant appeals to 

violence which are to be feared under a purely Anarchist regime。 

     ��35�А  �The   ideas   of   Guild   Socialism   were   first   set   forth   in   ``National 

Guilds��'' edited by A。 R。 Orage ��Bell & Sons�察�1914���察�and in Cole's ``World 

of    Labour''     ��Bell    &   Sons���察    �first  published      in   1913。     Cole's    ``Self´ 

Government in Industry'' ��Bell & Sons�察�1917�� and Rickett & Bechhofer's 

``The   Meaning   of   National   Guilds''   ��Palmer   &   Hayward�察  �1918��   should 

also   be   read�察  �as   well   as   various   pamphl

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