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by dividing the vast power now wielded by industrial capitalism can the 

individual hope to be free'' ��p。 91��。 

       ��54�А�Bell�察�1917。 

       Will the system suggested by Mr。 Cole have this result�拭�I think it is 

clear   that   it   would�察  �in   this   respect�察  �be   an   improvement   on   the   existing 

system。      Representative       government       cannot     but   be   improved      by   any 

method       which    brings    the   representatives       into   closer   touch    with    the 

interests concerned in their legislation�察�and this advantage probably would 

be secured by handing over questions of production to the Guild Congress。 

But   if�察  �in   spite   of   the   safeguards   proposed   by   the   Guild   Socialists�察  �the 

Guild Congress became all´powerful in such questions�察�if resistance to its 

will by a Guild which felt ill´used became practically hopeless�察�I fear that 

the   evils   now   connected   with   the   omnipotence   of   the   State   would   soon 

reappear。     Trade    Union     officials�察  �as   soon   as   they   become      part  of   the 

governing        forces    in   the    country�察   �tend     to   become      autocratic     and 

conservative�察  �they   lose   touch   with   their   constituents   and   gravitate�察  �by   a 

psychological sympathy�察�into co´operation with the powers that be。 Their 

formal      installation    in   authority    through     the   Guilds     Congress      would 

accelerate this process。 They would soon tend to combine�察�in effect if not 

obviously�察     �with   those    who    wield    authority    in  Parliament。      Apart    from 

occasional      conflicts�察   �comparable      to   the  rivalry   of   opposing     financiers 

which now sometimes disturbs the harmony of the capitalist world�察�there 

would�察�at most times�察�be agreement between the dominant personalities in 



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the two Houses。 And such harmony would filch away from the individual 

the liberty which he had hoped to secure by the quarrels of his masters。 

     There     is  no   method�察    �if  we    are  not   mistaken�察    �by   which    a   body 

representing the whole community�察�whether as producers or consumers or 

both�察�can alone be a sufficient guardian of individual liberty。 The only way 

of   preserving   sufficient   liberty   ��and   even   this   will   be   inadequate   in   the 

case of very small minorities�� is the organization of citizens with special 

interests   into   groups�察  �determined   to   preserve   autonomy   as   regards   their 

internal affairs�察�willing to resist interference by a strike if necessary�察�and 

sufficiently     powerful     ��either   in  themselves      or  through    their   power    of 

appealing to public sympathy�� to be able to resist the organized forces of 

government successfully when their cause is such as many men think just。 

If   this   method     is  to  be   successful     we   must    have    not   only   suitable 

organizations   but   also   a   diffused   respect   for   liberty�察  �and   an   absence   of 

submissiveness to government both in theory and practice。 Some risk of 

disorder     there   must    be  in   such   a  society�察  �but   this  risk  is  as  nothing 

compared   to   the   danger   of   stagnation   which   is   inseparable   from   an   all´ 

powerful central authority。 

     We may now sum up our discussion of the powers of Government。 

     The     State�察  �in  spite   of   what    Anarchists     urge�察  �seems     a  necessary 

institution     for  certain    purposes。    Peace    and    war�察  �tariffs�察 �regulation    of 

sanitary conditions and of the sale of noxious drugs�察�the preservation of a 

just system of distribution�此�these�察�among others�察�are functions which could 

hardly     be   performed     in  a   community      in   which    there   was    no  central 

government。 Take�察�for example�察�the liquor traffic�察�or the opium traffic in 

China。   If   alcohol   could   be   obtained   at   cost   price   without   taxation�察  �still 

more if it could be obtained for nothing�察�as Anarchists presumably desire�察�

can we believe that there would not be a great and disastrous increase of 

drunkenness�拭�China was brought to the verge of ruin by opium�察�and every 

patriotic Chinaman desired to see the traffic in opium restricted。 In such 

matters   freedom   is   not   a   panacea�察  �and   some   degree   of   legal   restriction 

seems imperative for the national health。 

     But granting that the State�察�in some form�察�must continue�察�we must also 

grant�察�I think�察�that its powers ought to be very strictly limited to what is 



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absolutely   necessary。   There   is   no   way   of   limiting   its   powers   except   by 

means of groups which are jealous of their privileges and determined to 

preserve   their   autonomy�察  �even   if   this   should   involve   resistance   to   laws 

decreed by the State�察�when these laws interfere in the internal affairs of a 

group in ways not warranted by the public interest。 The glorification of the 

State�察�and the doctrine that it is every citizen's duty to serve the State�察�are 

radically against progress and against liberty。 The State�察�though at present 

a source of much evil�察�is also a means to certain good things�察�and will be 

needed so long as violent and destructive impulses remain common。 But it 

is MERELY a means�察�and a means which needs to be very carefully and 

sparingly used if it is not to do more harm than good。 It is not the State�察�

but the community�察�the worldwide community of all human beings present 

and future�察�that we ought to serve。 And a good community does not spring 

from     the  glory   of   the  State�察 �but   from    the  unfettered    development      of 

individuals�此    �from   happiness     in  daily   life�察 �from   congenial    work    giving 

opportunity      for   whatever     constructiveness      each   man    or   woman      may 

possess�察�from free personal relations embodying love and taking away the 

roots of envy in thwarted capacity from affection�察�and above all from the 

joy   of   life   and   its   expression  in   the   spontaneous   creations   of   art   and 

science。 It is these things that make an age or a nation worthy of existence�察�

and these things are not to be secured by bowing down before the State。 It 

is the individual in whom all that is good must be realized�察�and the free 

growth   of   the   individual   must   be   the   supreme   end   of   a   political   system 

which is to re´fashion the world。 



                                    CHAPTER VI 



                          INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 

       THE main objects which should be served by international relations 

may   be   taken   to   be   two�此  �First�察  �the   avoidance   of   wars�察  �and�察  �second�察  �the 

prevention of the oppression of weak nations by strong ones。 These two 

objects do not by any means necessarily lead in the same direction�察�since 

one   of   the   easiest   ways   of   securing   the   world's   peace   would   be   by   a 

combination        of   the  most    powerful      States   for   the   exploitation    and 



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oppression of the remainder。 This method�察�however�察�is not one which the 

lover of liberty can favor。 We must keep account of both aims and not be 

content with either alone。 

     One of the commonplaces of both Socialism and Anarchism is that all 

modern   wars   are   due   to   capitalism�察  �and   would   cease   if   capitalism   were 

abolished。 This view�察�to my mind�察�is only a half´truth�察�the half that is true 

is important�察�but the half that is untrue i

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