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consistent with   the principles   of liberty�察 �and   the   only  one   which gives   a 

reasonable hope of affording full scope for talent。 This system is equally 

compatible with all forms of Socialism and Anarchism。 Theoretically�察�it is 

compatible with capitalism�察�but practically it is so opposite in spirit that it 

would hardly be feasible without a complete economic reconstruction。 The 

fact that Socialism  would facilitate   it must   be reckoned   a very  powerful 

argument in favor of change�察�for the waste of talent at present in the poorer 

classes of society must be stupendous。 

     2。 Liberty to follow the creative impulse。 When a man's training has 

been completed�察�if he is possessed of really great abilities�察�he will do his 

best work if he is completely free to follow his bent�察�creating what seems 

good   to   him�察  �regardless   of the   judgment   of   ``experts。'' At   present   this   is 

only   possible   for   two   classes   of   people�此  �those   who   have   private   means�察�

and   those   who   can   earn   a   living   by   an   occupation   that   does   not   absorb 

their whole energies。 Under Socialism�察�there will be no one with private 

means�察     �and   if  there   is  to   be  no   loss   as   regards    art  and    science�察   �the 

opportunity       which     now    comes     by   accident     to  a  few    will   have    to  be 

provided deliberately for a much larger number。 The men who have used 

private   means   as   an   opportunity   for   creative   work   have   been   few   but 

important�此      �one   might     mention     Milton�察    �Shelley�察   �Keats    and    Darwin     as 

examples。 Probably none of these would have produced as good work if 

they   had   had   to   earn   their   livelihood。   If   Darwin   had   been   a   university 

teacher�察  �he   would   of   course   have   been   dismissed   from   his   post   by   the 



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influence of the clerics on account of his scandalous theories。 

     Nevertheless�察  �the   bulk   of   the   creative   work   of   the   world   is   done   at 

present     by   men    who    subsist    by   some    other   occupation。      Science�察   �and 

research generally�察�are usually done in their spare time by men who live by 

teaching。      There    is  no   great   objection     to  this  in  the   case   of   science�察�

provided the number of   hours devoted to teaching is not excessive。 It is 

partly because science and teaching are so easily combined that science is 

vigorous in the present age。 In music�察�a composer who is also a performer 

enjoys   similar   advantages�察  �but   one   who   is   not   a   performer   must   starve�察�

unless he is rich or willing to pander to the public taste。 In the fine arts�察�as 

a rule�察�it is not easy in the modern world either to make a living by really 

good work or to find a subsidiary profession which leaves enough leisure 

for creation。 This is presumably one reason�察�though by no means the only 

one�察�why art is less flourishing than science。 

     The bureaucratic State Socialist will have a simple solution for these 

difficulties。     He   will   appoint     a  body    consisting     of   the   most    eminent 

celebrities in an art or a science�察�whose business it shall be to judge the 

work of young men�察�and to issue licenses to those whose productions find 

favor in their eyes。 A licensed artist shall be considered to have performed 

his   duty  to   the   community  by  producing   works   of   art。   But   of   course   he 

will have to prove his industry by never failing to produce in reasonable 

quantities�察�and his continued ability by never failing to please his eminent 

judgesuntil�察�in the fulness of time�察�he becomes a judge himself。 In this 

way�察�the authorities will insure that the artist shall be competent�察�regular�察�

and obedient to the best traditions of his art。 Those who fail to fulfil these 

conditions   will   be   compelled   by   the   withdrawal   of   their   license   to   seek 

some less dubious mode of earning their living。 Such will be the ideal of 

the State Socialist。 

     In   such   a   world   all   that   makes   life   tolerable   to   the   lover   of   beauty 

would perish。 Art springs from a wild and anarchic side of human nature�察�

between   the   artist   and   the   bureaucrat   there   must   always   be   a   profound 

mutual      antagonism�察      �an   age´long      battle   in   which     the   artist�察 �always 

outwardly worsted�察�wins in the end through the gratitude of mankind for 

the joy that he puts into their lives。 If the wild side of human nature is to 



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be     permanently       subjected      to   the   orderly     rules    of   the    benevolent�察�

uncomprehending bureaucrat�察�the joy of life will perish out of the earth�察�

and     the  very    impulse     to  live   will   gradually     wither    and   die。   Better   a 

thousandfold        the  present     world    with   all  its  horrors    than    such   a   dead 

mummy   of   a   world。   Better   Anarchism�察  �with   all   its   risks�察  �than   a   State 

Socialism that subjects to rule what must be spontaneous and free if it is to 

have any value。 It is this nightmare that makes artists�察�and lovers of beauty 

generally�察  �so   often   suspicious   of   Socialism。   But   there   is   nothing   in   the 

essence      of   Socialism     to   make     art  impossible�此     �only    certain    forms    of 

Socialism   would   entail   this   danger。  William  Morris   was   a   Socialist�察  �and 

was a Socialist very largely because he was an artist。 And in this he was 

not irrational。 

     It   is   impossible   for   art�察  �or   any   of   the   higher   creative   activities�察  �to 

flourish   under   any   system   which   requires   that   the   artist   shall   prove   his 

competence to some body of authorities before he is allowed to follow his 

impulse。 Any really great artist is almost sure to be thought incompetent 

by   those   among   his   seniors   who   would   be   generally   regarded   as   best 

qualified to form an opinion。 And the mere fact of having to produce work 

which      will   please    older   men     is  hostile    to  a  free   spirit   and    to  bold 

innovation。 Apart from this difficulty�察�selection by older men would lead 

to    jealousy      and    intrigue     and    back´biting�察      �producing      a    poisonous 

atmosphere   of   underground   competition。   The   only   effect   of   such   a   plan 

would   be   to   eliminate   the   few   who   now   slip        through   owing   to   some 

fortunate accident。 It is not by any system�察�but by freedom alone�察�that art 

can flourish。 

     There   are   two   ways   by   which   the   artist   could   secure   freedom   under 

Socialism of the right kind。 He might undertake regular work outside his 

art�察�doing only a few hours' work a day and receiving proportionately less 

pay than those who do a full day's work。 He ought�察�in that case�察�to be at 

liberty to sell his pictures if he could find purchasers。 Such a system would 

have     many     advantages。      It  would     leave    absolutely     every    man    free   to 

become   an   artist�察 �provided   he   were   willing   to   suffer   a   certain   economic 

loss。   This   would   not   deter   those   in   whom   the   impulse   was   strong   and 

genuine�察�but would tend to exclude the dilettante。 Many  young artists at 



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present endure voluntarily much greater poverty than need be entailed by 

only     doing    half   the   usual    day's   work     in  a   well´organized

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