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exceptionally fortunate�此�the majority have to work hard till old age�察�with 

the   fear of   destitution   always   before   them�察  �the   richer ones   dreading   that 

they will be unable to give their children the education or the medical care 

that they consider desirable�察�the poorer ones often not far removed from 

starvation。 And almost all who work have no voice in the direction of their 

work�察�throughout the hours of labor they are mere machines carrying out 

the will of a master。 Work is usually done under disagreeable conditions�察�

involving pain and physical hardship。 The only motive to work is wages�此�

the   very   idea   that   work   might   be   a   joy�察  �like   the   work   of   the   artist�察  �is 

usually scouted as utterly Utopian。 

     But by far the greater part of these evils are wholly unnecessary。 If the 

civilized     portion    of  mankind      could    be   induced     to  desire    their   own 

happiness   more   than   another's   pain�察  �if   they   could   be   induced   to   work 

constructively      for   improvements       which     they  would     share   with   all  the 

world   rather   than   destructively   to   prevent   other   classes   or   nations   from 

stealing a march on them�察�the whole system by which the world's work is 

done might be reformed root and branch within a generation。 

     From the point of view of liberty�察�what system would be the best�拭�In 

what direction should we wish the forces of progress to move�拭                    �From this 

point of view�察�neglecting for the moment all other considerations�察�I have 

no   doubt   that   the   best   system   would   be   one   not   far   removed   from   that 

advocated by Kropotkin�察�but rendered more practicable by the adoption of 

the main principles of Guild Socialism。 Since every point can be disputed�察�



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I   will   set   down   without   argument   the   kind   of   organization   of   work   that 

would seem best。 

     Education should be compulsory up to the age of 16�察�or perhaps longer�察�

after   that�察  �it   should   be   continued   or   not   at   the   option   of   the   pupil�察  �but 

remain free   ��for   those   who   desire it�� up   to   at least the   age of 21。 When 

education is finished no one should be COMPELLED to work�察�and those 

who   choose   not   to   work   should   receive   a   bare   livelihood�察  �and   be   left 

completely free�察�but probably it would be desirable that there should be a 

strong   public   opinion   in   favor   of   work�察  �so   that   only   comparatively   few 

should      choose      idleness。    One     great    advantage       of   making      idleness 

economically        possible     is  that  it  would     afford   a   powerful     motive     for 

making   work   not   disagreeable�察  �and   no   community   where   most   work   is 

disagreeable can be said to have found a solution of economic problems。 I 

think it is reasonable to assume that few would choose idleness�察�in view of 

the fact that even now at least nine out of ten of those who have ��say�� 100 

pounds   a   year   from  investments   prefer   to   increase   their   income   by   paid 

work。 

     Coming   now   to   that   great   majority   who   will   not   choose   idleness�察  �I 

think we may assume that�察�with the help of science�察�and by the elimination 

of    the   vast   amount      of  unproductive       work     involved     in   internal    and 

international competition�察�the whole community could be kept in comfort 

by    means     of   four   hours'    work    a   day。   It  is  already    being    urged    by 

experienced employers that their employes can actually produce as much 

in   a   six´hour   day   as   they   can   when   they   work   eight   hours。   In   a   world 

where   there   is   a   much   higher   level of   technical   instruction than   there   is 

now the same tendency will be accentuated。 People will be taught not only�察�

as at present�察�one trade�察�or one small portion of a trade�察�but several trades�察�

so   that   they   can   vary   their   occupation   according   to   the   seasons   and   the 

fluctuations of demand。 Every industry will be self´governing as regards 

all    its  internal    affairs�察  �and    even    separate     factories    will   decide     for 

themselves all questions that only concern those who work in them。 There 

will    not  be   capitalist   management�察       �as   at  present�察  �but   management        by 

elected representatives�察�as in politics。 Relations between different groups 

of producers will be settled by the Guild Congress�察�matters concerning the 



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community as the inhabitants of a certain area will continue to be decided 

by    Parliament�察   �while    all  disputes   between     Parliament    and    the  Guild 

Congress will be decided by a body composed of representatives of both 

in equal numbers。 

     Payment      will  not  be   made�察   �as  at  present�察  �only   for  work   actually 

required     and   performed�察   �but   for  willingness    to  work。    This   system    is 

already adopted in much of the better paid work�此�a man occupies a certain 

position�察�and retains it even at times when there happens to be very little to 

do。   The   dread   of   unemployment   and   loss   of   livelihood   will   no   longer 

haunt men like a nightmare。 Whether all who are willing to work will be 

paid equally�察�or whether exceptional skill will still command exceptional 

pay�察�is   a  matter  which may  be left   to each   guild to   decide for  itself。 An 

opera´singer who received no more pay than a scene´shifter might choose 

to be a scene´shifter until the system was changed�此�if so�察�higher pay would 

probably be found necessary。 But if it were freely voted by the Guild�察�it 

could hardly constitute a grievance。 

     Whatever   might   be   done   toward   making   work   agreeable�察  �it   is   to   be 

presumed that some trades would always remain unpleasant。 Men could be 

attracted into these by higher pay or shorter hours�察�instead of being driven 

into    them   by   destitution。   The   community       would    then   have   a  strong 

economic motive for finding ways of diminishing the disagreeableness of 

these exceptional trades。 

     There would still have to be money�察�or something analogous to it�察�in 

any  community   such   as   we   are   imagining。 The Anarchist   plan   of   a   free 

distribution of the total produce of work in equal shares does not get rid of 

the need for some standard of exchange value�察�since one man will choose 

to take his share in one form and another in another。 When the day comes 

for distributing luxuries�察�old ladies will not want their quota of cigars�察�nor 

young men their just proportion of lap´dog�察�this will make it necessary to 

know     how    many    cigars   are  the  equivalent    of  one   lap´dog。    Much    the 

simplest way is to pay an income�察�as at present�察�and allow relative values 

to be adjusted according to demand。 But if actual coin were paid�察�a man 

might hoard it and in time become a capitalist。 To prevent this�察�it would be 

best to pay notes available only during a certain period�察�say one year from 



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the   date   of   issue。   This   would   enable   a   man   to   save   up   for   his   annual 

holiday�察�but not to save indefinitely。 

     There is a very great deal to be said for the Anarchist plan of allowing 

necessaries�察�and all commodities that can easily be produced in quantities 

adequate to any possible demand�察�to be given away freely to all who ask 

for them�察�in any amounts they may

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