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the other an unthinkable thing of deep horror。 It is not so that marriage is 

conceived by lawyers who make settlements�察�or by priests who give   the 

name of   ``sacrament'' to   an institution   which pretends   to find   something 

sanctifiable in the brutal lusts or drunken cruelties of a legal husband。 It is 

not   in   a   spirit   of   freedom   that   marriage   is   conceived   by   most   men   and 

women at present�此�the law makes it an opportunity for indulgence of the 

desire   to   interfere�察  �where   each   submits   to   some   loss   of   his   or   her   own 

liberty�察  �for   the   pleasure   of   curtailing   the   liberty   of   the   other。   And   the 

atmosphere of   private   property  makes   it   more   difficult   than   it   otherwise 

would be for any better ideal to take root。 

     It   is   not   so   that   human   relations   will   be   conceived     when   the   evil 

heritage of economic slavery has ceased to mold our instincts。 Husbands 



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and wives�察�parents and children�察�will be only held together by affection�此�

where that has died�察�it will be recognized that nothing worth preserving is 

left。   Because   affection   will   be   free�察  �men   and   women   will   not   find   in 

private life an outlet and stimulus to the love of domineering�察�but all that is 

creative   in   their   love   will   have   the   freer   scope。   Reverence   for   whatever 

makes   the   soul   in   those   who   are   loved   will   be   less   rare   than   it   is   now�此�

nowadays�察  �many   men   love   their   wives   in   the   way   in   which   they   love 

mutton�察�as something to devour and destroy。 But in the love that goes with 

reverence   there   is   a   joy   of   quite   another   order   than   any   to   be   found   by 

mastery�察  �a   joy   which   satisfies   the   spirit   and   not   only   the   instincts�察  �and 

satisfaction of instinct and   spirit   at   once is   necessary  to   a   happy  life�察  �or 

indeed to any existence that is to bring out the best impulses of which a 

man or woman is capable。 

     In the world which we should wish to see�察�there will be more joy of 

life   than   in   the   drab   tragedy  of   modern   every´day  existence。 After   early 

youth�察�as things are�察�most men are bowed down by forethought�察�no longer 

capable of light´hearted gaiety�察�but only of a kind of solemn jollification 

by   the   clock   at   the   appropriate   hours。   The   advice   to   ``become   as   little 

children''   would   be   good   for   many   people   in   many  respects�察  �but   it   goes 

with another precept�察 �`take no thought for the morrow��'' which is hard to 

obey in a competitive world。 There is often in men of science�察�even when 

they are quite old�察�something of the simplicity of a child�此�their absorption 

in   abstract   thought   has   held   them   aloof   from   the   world�察  �and   respect   for 

their work has led the world to keep them alive in spite of their innocence。 

Such men have succeeded in living as all men ought to be able to live�察�but 

as things are�察�the economic struggle makes their way of life impossible for 

the great majority。 

     What are we to say�察�lastly�察�of the effect of our projected world upon 

physical evil�拭�Will there be less illness than there is at present�拭�Will the 

produce of a given amount of labor be greater�拭�Or will population press 

upon     the   limits   of   subsistence�察     �as  Malthus      taught    in  order    to  refute 

Godwin's optimism�拭�

     I   think   the   answer   to   all   these   questions   turns�察  �in   the   end�察  �upon   the 

degree of intellectual vigor to be expected in a community which has done 



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away  with the   spur of   economic   competition。 Will   men   in   such   a   world 

become lazy and apathetic�拭�Will they cease to think�拭�Will those who do 

think find themselves confronted with an even more impenetrable wall of 

unreflecting      conservatism      than   that   which    confronts    them    at  present�拭�

These are important questions�察�for it is ultimately to science that mankind 

must look for their success in combating physical evils。 

     If   the   other   conditions   that   we   have   postulated   can   be   realized�察  �it 

seems almost certain that there must be less illness than there is at present。 

Population   will   no   longer   be   congested   in   slums�察  �children   will   have   far 

more of fresh air and open country�察�the hours of work will be only such as 

are wholesome�察�not excessive and exhausting as they are at present。 

     As   for   the   progress   of   science�察  �that   depends   very   largely   upon   the 

degree of intellectual liberty existing in the new society。 If all science is 

organized and supervised by the State�察�it will rapidly become stereotyped 

and   dead。   Fundamental   advances   will   not   be   made�察  �because�察  �until   they 

have been made�察�they will seem too doubtful to warrant the expenditure of 

public    money      upon   them。    Authority   will    be   in  the  hands    of   the  old�察�

especially of men who have achieved scientific eminence�察�such men will 

be hostile to those among the young who do not flatter them by agreeing 

with their theories。 Under a bureaucratic State Socialism it is to be feared 

that science would soon cease to be progressive and acquired a medieval 

respect for authority。 

     But under a freer system�察�which would enable all kinds of groups to 

employ   as   many   men   of   science   as   they   chose�察  �and   would         allow   the 

``vagabond's wage'' to those who desired to pursue some study so new as 

to   be   wholly   unrecognized�察  �there   is   every   reason   to   think   that   science 

would flourish as it has never done hitherto。��61�А�And�察�if that were the case�察�

I   do   not  believe    that  any    other   obstacle    would    exist   to  the  physical 

possibility of our system。 

       ��61�А�See the discussion of this question in the preceding chapter。 

       The question of the number  of hours of work necessary to   produce 

general material comfort is partly technical�察�partly one of organization。 We 

may   assume   that   there   would   no   longer   be   unproductive   labor   spent   on 

armaments�察�national defense�察�advertisements�察�costly luxuries for the very 



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rich�察�or any of the other futilities incidental to our competitive system。 If 

each industrial guild secured for a term of years the advantages�察�or part of 

the advantages�察�of any new invention or methods which it introduced�察�it is 

pretty    certain   that  every    encouragement       would     be  given    to  technical 

progress。 The life of a discoverer or inventor is in itself agreeable�此�those 

who adopt it�察�as things are now�察�are seldom much actuated by economic 

motives�察�but rather by the interest of the work together with the hope of 

honor�察�and   these   motives   would operate more   widely  than they  do   now�察�

since fewer people would be prevented from obeying them by economic 

necessities。 And there is no doubt that intellect would work more keenly 

and creatively in a world where instinct was less thwarted�察�where the joy 

of life was greater�察�and where consequently there would be more vitality in 

men than there is at present。 

     There remains the population question�察�which�察�ever since the time of 

Malthus�察  �has   been   the   last   refuge   of   those   to   whom   the   possibility   of   a 

better world is disagreeable。 But this question is now a very different one 

from what it was a hundred years ago。 The d

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